(Anthropology 101) Chapter 1: The Importance Of Anthropology

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Anthropology

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discipline of infinite curiosity about human beings

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Two Broad Fields of Anthropology

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1. Biological (Physical) Anthropology

2. Cultural Anthropology

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Biological Anthropology Definition

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studies emergence, evolution, contemporary biological variation

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Major Focuses of Biological Anthropology

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1. Emergence of humans and later evolution

2. Human variation: how and why contemporary human populations vary biologically

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Human Palaeontology/ Paleoanthropology

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Search for and study fossils of humans, pre-humans and related animals to decipher emergence of humans and later evolution.

(Biological Anthropology)

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Primologist

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An anthropologist, psychologist or biologist who specializes in primates.

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Human Genetics

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study of human traits that are inherited

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Population Biology

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The study of environmental effects on, and interaction with, population characteristics

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Epidemiology

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Study of how and why diseases affect different populations in different ways

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Cultural Anthropology Definition

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focuses on universals and variation in culture in the past and present

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Culture

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The customary ways of thinking and behaving of a particular population or society

(ex. religion, food preferences, language)

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Three Main Branches of Cultural Anthropology

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1. Archaeology

2. Anthropological linguistics

3. Ethnology

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Archaeology

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The study and reconstruction of past cultures through their material remains

(Cultural Anthropology)

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Historical Anthropology

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Studies the remains of recent peoples who left written records. Uses methods of archaeologists and historians

(Cultural Anthropology)

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Anthropological Linguistics

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Study of changes and contemporary variations of languages that have been written for a long time

- Historical linguistics

- Descriptive or Structural linguistics

- Sociolinguistics

(Cultural Anthropology)

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Historical Linguistics

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The study of how languages change over time and how they are related

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Descriptive or Structural Linguistics

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The study of how contemporary languages differ, especially in how they construct words, phrases, etc.

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Sociolinguistics

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The study of how a language is used in social contexts

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Ethnology

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The study of how and why recent cultures differ and are similar

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Different Types of Ethnologists

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1. Ethnographer - live with and observe a culture

2. Ethnohistorian - studies a culture using historical documents

3. Cross-cultural researcher - discovers general patterns about cultural traits

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Applied/Practicing Anthropology

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concerned with making anthropological knowledge useful

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Ethnography

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a description of a society's customary ideas and behaviours

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Statistical Association

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The observed relationship is unlikely due to chance

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Operational definition

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description of each step of the procedure that is followed to measure the variable

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Random Sample

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All cases selected had an equal chance of being picked

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Statistically Significant Result

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Probably true.

Probability value (p value) of/or less than 0.5 (1/20)

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Why can't we expect a perfect result?

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1. there may be other causes we haven't investigated

2. Cultural lag

3. Measurement inaccuracy

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Cultural Lag

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Change in one aspect of culture takes time to produce change in another aspect

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Relevance of Anthropology

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It helps avoid misunderstandings between peoples

- if we understand why they do it we have less reason to condemn them for their behaviour

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Cultural Relativism

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When we study other cultures we do not judge them on our beliefs of what is right or wrong

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Natural Selection

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Darwin and Wallace

- Evolution

- all species can reproduce faster than their food supply

- there is always physical variation within a species

- favourable variation = advantage --> gets passed on to next generation

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Darwins Evidence

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- domesticated plants and animals

- geographic distribution of life forms (isolation)

- geological and paleontological record

- comparative anatomy

- vestigial organs

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Alleles

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different variations that a characteristic can take (from parents)

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Genotype

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combinations of alleles that offspring can get

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Phenotype

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observable physical characteristics

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Do Human populations differ in the frequency of alleles or the presence or absence of certain

alleles?

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By the frequency of alleles

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Cline

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gradual changes in the frequency of genotypes or phenotypes over geographical space

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Microevolution

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Micro = short periods of time

change in allele frequency from one generation to the next

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Macroevolution

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Macro = long periods of time

change in allele frequency of a population.

Produces more obvious changes in a species.

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Sources of Biological Variation

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1. Mutations

2. Sexual Reproduction

3. Random Mating

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Acclimatization

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physiological response within individuals to environmental pressure (takes from a few days to a few months)

ex. Shivering

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Types of Selection

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1. Artificial Selection

2. Directional Selection

3. Stabilizing Selection

4. Disruptive Selection

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Artificial Selection

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Result of human interference in the evolution of other species

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Directional Selection

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A type of natural selection that increases the frequency of a trait

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Normalizing Selection

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Type of natural selection that removes harmful genes that arose by mutation

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Balancing selection

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A type of selection that occurs when a heterozygous combination of alleles is positively favoured even though a homozygous combination is disfavoured

(ex. Sickle Cell Anemia)

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Migration (Gene Flow)

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the movement of alleles from one population to another as a result of interbreeding

(increase genetic diversity)

- makes populations more similar to each other

- makes individuals more different from each other

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Genetic Drift

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change of allele frequencies as a consequence of random changes in population size

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Founder Effect

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the migration of a small sub population away from the parent population

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Bottleneck effect

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removal of a large portion of the population because of a natural disaster - completely random

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Anagenesis

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one species gradually evolving over time

(gradualism)

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Cladogenesis

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one species branching out into two or more species