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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is sperm produced?
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testes
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What hormone is critical for sperm development and physical features?
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testosterone
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Where does sperm mature?
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Epididymis (duct)
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What duct takes sperm to the urethra?
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Vas deferens
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Which accessory gland secretes fructose?
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Seminal vesicle
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Which accessory gland secretes an alkaline substance?
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Prostate gland (where vas deferens joins urethra)
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Which accessory gland secretes mucus?
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Bulbourethral gland
*all glands make components that compose seminal fluid |
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What is the scrotum?
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skin sac
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What does the penis consist of?
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erectile tissue
- corpus cavernosa -corpus spongiosa |
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Major difference between male & female reproductive systems:
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in females, the urethra never comes in contact with any reproductive activity.
in males, the urethra is for sperm ejaculation and urination |
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Exocrine glands of the testes contain what?
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sperm, made in the seminiferous tubules.
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Endocrine glands of the testes contain what?
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testosterone, from the interstitial or Leydig cells
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Why are testes in a scrotum?
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they need to be at a cooler temperature to produce viable sperm.
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What is cryptorchidism?
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Failure of one or both testes to descend into scrotum
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What part of sperm is like a key for the zona pellucida?
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The acrosome. It penetrates the egg and it is species specific.
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What part of sperm provides energy production?
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mitochondria (mid-piece)
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What part of sperm provides motility?
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Tail
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What is a function of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule?
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it is important because it keeps body fluids from entering tubule. Anitbodies in blood plasma would destroy sperm.
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3 Major Steps of sperm cell development:
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1) Mitotic division
2) First Meiotic division 3) Second Meiotic division |
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Mitotic division of sperm development
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Mother diploid produces 2 primary diploid spermatocytes
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First Meiotic division
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diploid mother cell divides to form 2 haploid daughter cells- secondary spermatocytes
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Second Meiotic division
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secondary spermatocytes divide to form 2 haploids each- spermatid. Not truly meiosis.
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What is the epidiymis?
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Site of sperm cell maturation
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What is the vas deferens?
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where sperm pass from the epididymis into the abdominal cavity
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What is the urethra (duct)?
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Extends from urinary bladder to distal end of penis.
Passageway for urine and male reproductive fluids |
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Three columns of erectile tissue in the penis.
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Corpora cavernosa (2)
Corpus spongiosum (1) |
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Where do the ducts from the accessory glands feed into?
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the urethra
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What do the accessory glands do?
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supplement sperm to keep it viable while it travels through female reproductive tract.
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Seminal Vesicles (access gland)
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produces FRUCTOSE for energy
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Prostate Gland (access gland)
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Provide alkaline secretion to buffer pH when it enters acidic female reproductive tract
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Bulbourethral glands (access gland)
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produces mucus to keep semen together
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Ejaculation
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forceful expulsion of semen from urethra
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Effects of testosterone
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1) negative feedback loop
2) provides secondary sex characteristics (facial hair, voice, etc) 3) along with sertoli cells, it is responsible for spermatogenesis |
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What to know about testosterone & puberty.
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BEFORE puberty: small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release
DURING puberty: Increase in GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH, LH, and increase testosterone |
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How an erection is controlled with Nitric Oxide (Part 1)
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1) In neuron, NO synthase produces NO
2) Travel to smooth muscle 3)In muscle, NO activate guanylate cyclase |
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How an erection is controlled with Nitric Oxide (Part 2)
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4) Production on cGMP (2nd messgr)
5) Indirectly causes relaxation of smooth muscle then causes vasodialation |
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What do erection drugs effect?
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Allow cyclical GMP to last longer, the enzyme that breaks down cGMP is neutralized.
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Ovaries
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Produce estrogen & progesterone and gamete (egg)
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Uterine/fallopian tubes
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where fertilization occurs
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Uterus
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Where development of fetus occurs
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Vagina
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highly elastic to accommodate head of fetus.
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External genital organs include....
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clitoris
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perimetrium
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serosa membrane that prevents friction on internal organs by lubricating it.
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Myometrium
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smooth muscle
important for contractions |
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endometrium
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epithelial layer
necessary for implantation |
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Which part of the birth canal has the narrowest diameter?
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The cervix
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Ectopic pregnancy
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implantation outside of uterus
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perimetrium
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serosa membrane that prevents friction on internal organs by lubricating it.
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When does an oocyte become fully mature?
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when a sperm contacts the egg
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Myometrium
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smooth muscle
important for contractions |
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uterus vs. vagina
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uterus is more structural, stronger tissue than the vagina
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endometrium
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epithelial layer
necessary for implantation |
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Where is milk produced in the breast?
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In the lobes and then it is released into the lactiferous sinus.
There are many sinuses and many ducts |
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Which part of the birth canal has the narrowest diameter?
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The cervix
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When does puberty begin in females (what happens)?
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it begins when GnRH levels increase
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Ectopic pregnancy
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implantation outside of uterus
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Amenorrhea
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absence of menstral cycle due to lack of fat or no production of sex steroids from ovaries
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When does an oocyte become fully mature?
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when a sperm contacts the egg
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uterus vs. vagina
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uterus is more structural, stronger tissue than the vagina
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Where is milk produced in the breast?
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In the lobes and then it is released into the lactiferous sinus.
There are many sinuses and many ducts |
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When does puberty begin in females (what happens)?
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it begins when GnRH levels increase
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Amenorrhea
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absence of menstral cycle due to lack of fat or no production of sex steroids from ovaries
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Menopause
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Cessation of menstral cycles. Ovaries don't produce enough estrogen
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Which part of the menstral cycle has positive feedback?
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Ovulation
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Hormonal changes during pregnancy: 1st Trimester vs. 3rd Trimester
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1st Tri: Placenta produces high levels of HCG to maintain pregnancy. Ovaries produce E2 & P4
3rd Tri: Placenta produces more E2 & P4 and less HCG |
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Progesterone is higher throughout the pregnancy until when?
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Until the very end, possibly causes parturition.
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