Chapter 28 - Female Reproductive System

Front 1

Gonads of the female reproductive system

Back 1

Ovaries

Front 2

Internal organs of thefemale reproductive system

Back 2

Fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina

Front 3

External organs of the female reproductive system

Back 3

Vulva and mammary glands

Front 4

Ovaries anatomy and function

Back 4

Paired gonads supported by ligaments in the pelvic cavity.

Almond shape and size with a hilum where blood vessels enter and exit

Front 5

Ovaries produce ___ and ___.

Back 5

Gametes ova (eggs) and hormones

Front 6

Histologically, ovaries consist of

Back 6

Germinal epithelium (covers the surface)

Tunica albuginea (capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium)

Front 7

Germinal epithelium function

Back 7

covers the surface of the ovaries (not actually germinal)

Front 8

Tunica albuginea anatomy

Back 8

capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium

Front 9

Ovarian cortex anatomy

Back 9

Below the tunica albuginea

Consists of ovarian follicles and connective tissue

Front 10

Ovarian medulla anatomy

Back 10

Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Front 11

Ovarian follicles contain ___ in various stages of development.

Back 11

oocytes

Front 12

Initially, single layer ___ cells surround the oocyte

Back 12

follicular

Front 13

Follicular cells that surround the oocyte develop into multiple layer ___ cells.

Back 13

granulosa

Front 14

Follicles secrete hormones such as ___.

Back 14

estrogens

Front 15

A mature follicle

Back 15

Graafian follicle

Front 16

A mature (graafian) follicle is ready to ___ and expel the ___. (ovulation)

Back 16

rupture

secondary oocyte

Front 17

What develops after ovulation and produces progesterone and several other hormones?

Back 17

Corpus luteum

Front 18

If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates into what?

Back 18

Corpus albicans

Front 19

Oogenesis

Back 19

formation of gametes in the ovaries

Front 20

During fetal development, primordial germ cells differentiate into _____.

Back 20

Oogonia 2n

Front 21

Oogonia divide into ____ cells, some of which become ___ oocytes (2n).

Back 21

Germ

Primary

Front 22

Primary oocytes enter the beginning stage of ___ during fetal development where it remains until puberty.

Back 22

meiosis

Front 23

Each primary oocyte is surrounded by ___ cells forming what?

Back 23

Follicular

Primordial follicle

Front 24

Each month after puberty begins what two hormones stimulate the development of the primordial follicles?

Back 24

LH and FSH

Front 25

What do primordial follicles develop into?

Back 25

Primary follicles

Front 26

What is the glycoprotein layer surrounding the primary oocyte?

Back 26

Zona pellucida

Front 27

Several layers of ___ cells surround the primary oocyte.

Back 27

Granulosa

Front 28

Primary follicle develops into what?

Back 28

Secondary follicles

Front 29

Stromal cells surrounding the granulosa cells form the ___.

Back 29

Theca

Front 30

Several cells of the theca secrete androgens which the granulosa converts to ___.

Back 30

estrogens

Front 31

What do granulosa cells secrete?

Back 31

follicular fluid

Front 32

Granulosa divide and form what?

Back 32

a layer that lines the basement membrane and a layer that surrounds the oocyte, the corona radiata

Front 33

Corona radiata

Back 33

The layer that surrounds the oocyte

Front 34

The secondary follicle grows and becomes a ___ follicle.

Back 34

mature (graafian)

Front 35

Just before ovulation, the diploid primary oocyte completes ____ producing a haploid secondary oocyte

Back 35

Meiosis I

Front 36

First polar body

Back 36

Discarded nuclear material

Front 37

Once a secondary oocyte is formed, it begins but does not complete ____.

Back 37

Meiosis II

Front 38

At ovulation, secondary oocytes surrounded by corona radiata are expelled into the ___ ___ where they are swept into the ____ ____.

Back 38

Pelvic cavity

Fallopian (uterine) tube

Front 39

If sperm are present and one penetrates the secondary oocyte, what happens?

Back 39

Meiosis ii resumes and an ovum and a second polar body form

Front 40

When the nuclei of the ovum and sperm unite what is formed?

Back 40

A diploid zygote

Front 41

Fimbriae

Back 41

fingerlike projections at the terminus of the fallopian tube

Front 42

What sweeps the secondary oocyte from the pelvic cavity into the uterine tube?

Back 42

Finbriae

Front 43

3 layers of the fallopian (uterine) tubes

Back 43

mucosa, muscularis, and serosa

Front 44

What moves the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte toward the uterus?

Back 44

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa and smooth muscle of the muscularis

Front 45

What cells secrete a fluid providing nourishment for the ovum in the fallopian tube?

Back 45

Peg cells

Front 46

Top of the uterus

Back 46

Fundus

Front 47

Central portion of the uterus

Back 47

body

Front 48

Inferior extension of the uterus into the vagina

Back 48

cervix

Front 49

Interior of the body of the uterus

Back 49

Uterine cavity

Front 50

Interior of the cervix

Back 50

Cervical canal

Front 51

Function of the broad ligaments

Back 51

Anchor the uterus to the walls of the pelvic cavity and nearby structures

Front 52

Three layers of the uterus

Back 52

Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

Front 53

Perimetrium of the uterus

Back 53

Serosa

Outer layer

Front 54

Myometrium of the uterus

Back 54

Three layers of smooth muscle

Front 55

Endometrium of the uterus

Back 55

Inner layer

Front 56

Stratum functionalis of the endometrium

Back 56

Shed each month during menstruation

Front 57

Stratum basalis of the endometrium

Back 57

Permanent

Gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation

Front 58

The uterus has an ____ blood supply

Back 58

extensive

Front 59

Branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies blood to the uterus?

Back 59

Uterine arteries

Front 60

Arteries in the endometrium

Back 60

Straight arterioles

Front 61

Straight arterioles supply which layer?

Back 61

Stratum basalis

Front 62

Spiral arterioles supply which layer?

Back 62

Stratum functionalis

Front 63

Uterine veins enter where?

Back 63

Internal iliac vein

Front 64

Which cells produce cervical mucus?

Back 64

Secretory cells of the cervix

Front 65

Cervical mucus characteristics

Back 65

Very thick and acidic forming a barrier

Front 66

Near ovulation, what happens to cervical mucus?

Back 66

Becomes less viscous and more alkaline

Front 67

Why does cervical mucus change near ovulation?

Back 67

Helps nourish sperm and may aid in capacitation

Front 68

Capacitation

Back 68

Functional changes in sperm that allow fertilization of a secondary oocyte

Front 69

Vagina anatomy

Back 69

Fibromuscular canal lined with a mucous membrane that extends from the body's exterior to the cervix

Front 70

Mucosa of the vagina lined with what?

Back 70

Stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue arranged in rugae

Front 71

What allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth?

Back 71

Stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue arranged in rugae and underlying smooth muscle layers of muscularis

Front 72

The superficial layer that anchors the vagina to adjacent organs

Back 72

Adventitia

Front 73

A thin fold of mucous membrane that partially closes the inferior end of the vagina

Back 73

Hymen

Front 74

External genitalia of the female

Back 74

Vulva (pudendum)

Front 75

Vestibule of the vagina

Back 75

region between the labia minora that has orifices for vagina, urethra, and ducts for glands

Front 76

What two glands secrete fluid containing mucous in the vagina?

Back 76

Paraurethral glands and greater vestibular glands

Front 77

The bulb of the vestibule contains what?

Back 77

Two masses of erectile tissue that engorges during sexual arousal

Front 78

Glands that are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Back 78

Mammary glands

Front 79

Mammary galnds contain ___-___ lobes

Back 79

15-30

Front 80

Each lobe has lobules containing milk secreting glands called ___.

Back 80

alveoli

Front 81

Each breast has a nipple containing ___ ___ where milk emerges

Back 81

Lactiferous ducts

Front 82

Prolactin function

Back 82

Main hormone which stimulates milk synthesis

Front 83

Oxytocin function

Back 83

Stimulates ejection of milk

Front 84

Ovarian cycle

Back 84

Changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte

Front 85

Uterine cycle

Back 85

Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo

Front 86

What controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles?

Back 86

GnRH

Front 87

GnRH stimulates the release of what two hormones?

Back 87

LH and FSH

Front 88

LH and FSH stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete what?

Back 88

Estrogens

Front 89

LH triggers...

Back 89

Ovulation and production of the corpus luteum

Front 90

LH stimulates corpus luteum to secrete what?

Back 90

Estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

Front 91

What is the main estrogen in non-pregnant women?

Back 91

Beta-estradiol

Front 92

Estrogens promote development of what?

Back 92

Female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics

Front 93

Estrogens increase catabolism or anabolism? Where?

Back 93

Anobolism particularly of bones

Front 94

Estrogens lower/raise cholesterol?

Back 94

Lower

Front 95

Estrogens moderate levels and inhibit the release of which hormones?

Back 95

GnRH, LH, and FSH

Front 96

Very high levels of estrogens stimulate the release of what hormone?

Back 96

GnRH

Front 97

Progesterone plus estrogens function

Back 97

prepares endometrium for implantation

Front 98

Relaxin function

Back 98

Inhibits contractions of smooth muscle of uterus

Front 99

Inhibin function

Back 99

Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

Front 100

4 phases of the female reproductive cycle

Back 100

Menstrual

Preovulatory

Ovulation

Postovulatory phase

Front 101

Ovaries physiology during menstrual cycle

Back 101

FSH stimulates several primordial follicles to develop into primary and then secondary follicles

Front 102

Uterus physiology during menstrual cycle

Back 102

Prostaglandins cause constriction of blood vessels in the endometrium

Stratum functionalis degenerates and sloughs off

50-150 mL of blood, tissue fluid, and cells and mucus are shed

Front 103

Ovaries physiology during preovulatory phase

Back 103

Secondary follicles are secreting estrogens and inhibin

One follicle becomes the dominant follicle

Others undergo atresia

Front 104

Uterus physiology during preovulatory phase

Back 104

Proliferative phase

Estrogens stimulate repair of the uterus by stimulating the stratum basale to produce new stratum functionalis

Front 105

During the ovulation phase, high levels of estrogens stimulate secretion of what?

Back 105

GnRH which stimulates LH and FSH

Front 106

During ovulation phase, high LH causes what?

Back 106

The rupture of the mature (graafian follicle) and release of the oocyte into the pelvic cavity.

Front 107

Postovulatory phase

Back 107

Luteal phase

Time between ovulation and the next menses

Front 108

Ovaries physiology during postovulatory phase

Back 108

Follicle collapses and LH stimulates conversion of follicular cells to become the corpus luteum.

CL secretes progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin

Front 109

If the oocyte is not fertilized, what will the corpus luteum degenerate to?

Back 109

Corpus albicans

Front 110

If fertilization of the oocyte occurs, the embry secretes what?

Back 110

Human chorionic gonadotropin which "rescues" the corpus luteum

Front 111

Function of human chorionic gonadotropin

Back 111

"rescues" the corpus luteum

Front 112

Uterus physiology during postovulatory phase

Back 112

Progesterone and estrogens promote increased vascularization and thickening of the endometrium

Front 113

Without fertilization and a degenerating corpus luteum, what happens?

Back 113

Estrogen and progesterone levels decline and cause menstruation

Front 114

In women between the ages of 40-50, what becomes exhausted?

Back 114

ovarian follicles

Front 115

Why do estrogen levels decline in women aged 40-50

Back 115

Decreased responsiveness of ovaries to LH and FSH