Chapter 2 Psych 205

Front 1

Chromosomes

Back 1

Rod like structures called chromosomes which store and transmit genetic information

Front 2

Chromosomes are made of what

Back 2

Are made up of a chemical substance called DNA

Front 3

Gene

Back 3

Is a segment of DNA along the length of a chromosome

Front 4

Protein-coding genes

Back 4

Which directly affect our bodies characteristics, lie along the human chromosomes

Front 5

Regulator genes

Back 5

Modify the instructions given by protein coding genes, greatly complicating their genetic impact

Front 6

Gametes

Back 6

Sex cells- the sperm and ovum- combine

Front 7

Autosomes

Back 7

22 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are matching pairs called Autosomes. The 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes.

Front 8

Female chromosomes

Back 8

Pair is called XX

Front 9

Male chromosomes

Back 9

Pair called XY

Front 10

Fraternal or dizygotic twins

Back 10

The most common type of multiple offspring, resulting from the release and fertilization of two ova

Front 11

Meiosis

Back 11

Gametes are formed through a cell division process called meiosis, which halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting cell called is a zygote

Front 12

Allele

Back 12

Forming of a gene

Front 13

Homozygous

Back 13

If the alleles from both parents are alike the child is homozygous. And will display the inherited trait.

Front 14

Heterozygous

Back 14

If the alleles differ, then the child is heterozygous, and relationships between the allele influence the phenotype

Front 15

Dominant- recessive inheritance

Back 15

In many heterozygous pairings dominant recessive inheritance occurs: only one allele affect the child characteristics. It is called dominant; the second allele, which has no effect, is called recessive

Front 16

Carriers

Back 16

Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele (Db) can pass that trait to their children. Therefore they are called carriers of the trait

Front 17

Identical or monozygotic twins

Back 17

A zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals called identical twins because they have the same genetic makeup

Front 18

Incomplete dominance

Back 18

A pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype, resulting in a combined trait, or one that is intermediate between the two

Front 19

X linked inheritance

Back 19

When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome, x-linked inheritance applies. Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match

Front 20

Mutation

Back 20

a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

Front 21

Genomic imprinting

Back 21

Alleles are imprinted, or chemically marked through regulatory processes Within the genome, in such a way that one pair member either mothers or the father's it activated, regardless of its makeup

Front 22

Polygenic inheritance

Back 22

In which meaning genes affect the characteristic in question

Front 23

Genetic counseling

Back 23

Is a communication process designed to help couples access their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action interview of risks and family goals

Front 24

Prenatal diagnostic methods

Back 24

Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth

Front 25

Coparenting

Back 25

Mutually supporting each other's parenting behaviors

Front 26

Socioeconomic status

Back 26

Research access a family's standing on this continuum through an index called socioeconomic status (SES), which combines three related, but not completely overlapping variables:

1) years of education

2) the prestige of one's job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status

3) income which measures economic status

Front 27

Subcultures

Back 27

Groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture

Front 28

Extended family households

Back 28

In which parent and child live with one or more adult relatives

Front 29

Public policies

Back 29

Laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions

Front 30

Behavioral genetics

Back 30

Is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

Front 31

Heritability estimates

Back 31

Measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due too genetic factors

Front 32

Kinship studies

Back 32

Which compare the characteristics of family members

Front 33

Gene- environment interaction

Back 33

Means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment

Front 34

Gene- environment correlation

Back 34

Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

Front 35

Niche-picking

Back 35

This tendency to actively choose environments that compliment our heredity

Front 36

Epigenesis

Back 36

Which means development resulting from ongoing, bi-directional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

Front 37

Methylation

Back 37

A biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression