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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries
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panic disorder (PD)
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have frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic- rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness, and trembling
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hyperventilation
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rapid deep breathing
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social phobia
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a severe aviodance of other people and a fear of doing anything in public
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agoraphobia
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an excessive fear of open or public places
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phobia
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an extreme, persistent fear that interferes with normal living
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systematic desensitization
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a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear
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flooding (implosion or intensive exposure therapy)
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a treatment that exposes the person to the object of the phobia suddenly rather than gradually
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought leading to a repetitive, almost irresistible action
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addiction (dependence)
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finding it difficult to or impossible to quit a self-destructive habit
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nucleus accumbens
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apparently critical for attention and habit formation; nearly all the drugs that commonly produce addictions stimulate dopamine receptors to this small brain area
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physical dependence
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uses a drug to reduce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
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psychological dependence
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strong, repetitive desire for something without physical symptoms of withdrawal
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alcoholism
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the habitual overuse of alcohol
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Type I alcoholism
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develops gradually over the years, affects about as many women as men, is generally less severe, and depends more on life experiences than genetics
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Type II Alcoholism
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develops rapidly, usually by age 25, is much more common in men than women, is usually more severe, and shows a stronger genetic basis
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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
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a self help group of people who are trying to abstain from alcohol use and help others do the same
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harm reduction
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an appproach that concentrates on decreasing the frequency of drug use and minimizing the harmful consequences to health and well-being
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major depression
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a more extreme condition, persisting most of each day for at least two weeks, usually more, while the person experiences little interest, pleasure, motivation, or activity
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD), depression with a seasonal pattern
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people repeatedly become depressed during a particular season of the year
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bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
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someone alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania, which are opposite extremes
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explanatory style
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a tendency to accept one kind of explanation for success or failure more often than others
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interpersonal therapy
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focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and on coping with difficulties someone has faced in the present or recent past, such as death of a loved one, divorce, unemployment, and lack of social skills
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Tricyclic drugs (imipramine) (Tofranil)
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blocks the reabsorption of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin after they are released by an axon's terminal
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine) (Prozac)
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block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
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monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (phenielzine) (Nardil)
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blocks the metabolic breakdown of released dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
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atypical antidepressants
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they are about as effective, on the average, as other antidepressants and produce milder side effects
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St. John's wort
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an herb with antidepressant effects
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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a brief electrical shock is administered across the patient's head to induce a convulsion similar to epilepsy
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mania
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the opposite of depression
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bipolar I disorder
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have at least one episode of mania
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bipolar II disorder
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have had episodes of major depression and hypomania, which a milder degree of mania
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arachidonic acid
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produced mostly during times of brain inflammation
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schizophrenia
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someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities, including work , social relations, and self-care. He or she must also exhibit at least two of the following: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or a loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors
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positive symptoms
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behaviors that are notable by their presence, such as hallucinations and delusions
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negative symptoms
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behaviors notable for their absence, including a lack of speech and emotional expression, a lack of ability to feel pleasure, and a general inability to take care of oneself
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hallucinations
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perceptions that do not correspond to anything in the objective world
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delusions
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unfounded beliefs that are strongly held despite a lack of evidence for them
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delusion of grandeur
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a belief that you are unusually important
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delusion of reference
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a tendency to interpret all sorts of messages as if they were meant for oneself
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neurodevelopmental hypothesis
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schizophrenia originates with nervous system impairments that develop before or around the time of birth, for either genetic or other reasons
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season-of-birth effect
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a person born in the winter or early spring is slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia than a person born at other times
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antipsychotic drug
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that is, a drug that can relieve shcizophrenia
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dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
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the underlying cause of schizophrenia is excessive stimulation of certain types of dopamine synapses
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tardive dyskinesia
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a condition characterized by tremors and involuntary movements
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atypical antipsychotic drugs
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relieve schizophrenia without causing tardive dyskinesia
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expressed emotion
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hostile or critical comments
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