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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The upper boundary of life; The maximum number of years an individual can live
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Life span
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What is the maximum life span of human beings?
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About 120-125 years
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The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.
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Life expectancy
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What is the average life expectancy?
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About 77 years
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Women typically outlive men; If the man reaches 85, he will them typically outlive women; Same applies to Causasians and African Americans--Caucasians typically live longer, but if an AA reaches 85, they will outlive Caucasians from then on.
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Life expectancy crossover
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Life expectancy for males is.....
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5-7 years less than females.
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Life expectancy of African Americans is...
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5-6 years less than Caucasians.
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What country has the highest life expectancy?
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Japan (Okinawa) at 81 years.
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Why does Japan have the highest life expectancy?
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Diet (Grains, fish, vegetables), low stress, lifestyle, live in caring community with social support, take good care of the elderly, and believe in staying active and spiritual.
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Which country has the next highest life expectancy?
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Sardina, Italy
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When does late adulthood occur?
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60 and older
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An individual that lives to be 100 years and older
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Centenarian
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Who is the oldest male in the world?
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Walter Breuning (Age 114)
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Who was the oldest woman in the US?
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Edna Tillman (Just recently died)
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Genetically influenced decline in the functioning of organs and systems.
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Senesence
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Theory that the maximum # of times that human cells can divide is about 75-80; Telomeres become shorter and shorter and are dramatically reduced and the cell no longer can reproduce.
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Hayflick's Cellular Clock Theory
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DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.
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Telomeres
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Theory that states that people age because inside their cells normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals; These molecules ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures; As they bounce around inside the cells, they damage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer and arthritis; Overeating increases free radicals.
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Free-Radical Theory
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Theory that states that aging is due to decay of mitochondria within cells; The damage caused by free radicals initiates self-perpetuating cycle in which oxidative damage impairs mitochondrial function, which results in the generation of even greater amounts of free radicals--Affected mitochondria become so inefficient they cannot generate enough energy to meet cellular needs; Defects are linked to cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and decline in liver functioning.
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Mitochondrial Theory
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Theory that argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease; They hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is one of the body's main regulatory systems for responding to eternal stress and maintaining the body's internal equilibrium; As people age, the hormones stimulated by stress remain elevated longer than when people were younger--These prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones are associated with increased risks for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.
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Hormonal Stress Theory
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On average the brain loses ___ to ___ of its weight by age ___.
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5-10%; 90 years
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An area of the brain that shrinks with aging and the shrinking is linked with a decrease in working memory in older adults.
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Prefrontal cortex
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Begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood.
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A general slowing of function in the brain and spinal cord
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The aging brain and Alzheimer's disease occur because of....
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a decrease in dendrites, damage to the myelin sheath, and simple death of brain cells.
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Neurogenesis may appear in what areas of the brain
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Hippocampus and Olfactory bulb
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A longitudinal study of nuns showed that sisters who had taught and were frequently involved in intellectual pursuits have only _____ declines in their ____________.
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moderate; intellectual skills
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Located in the chest is a gland in body that is related to T-Cell and B-Cell function.
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Thymus
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Originates in bone marrow and matures in the thymus; Attacks antigens directly and cause them to not act efficiently; Works with B-Cells.
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T-Cells
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Weakened immune system due to the fact that the _______ is small and _____ cannot mature properly and don't fight off _________.
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thymus; T-cells; infection
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Mature in bone marrow; Secret antibodies in blood stream; Function better when T-cells are good.
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B-Cells
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Weakened when B-Cells don't function due to T-Cells not functioning properly.
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Immune system
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In adolescence the thymus is.....
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Largest and at peak function
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At age 50 the thymus is.....
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very small and undetectable.
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A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.
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Alzheimer's disease (About 4 million people have this disease)
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Early onset of Alzheimer's disease occurs how often?
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10 % of cases
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What are 3 main causes of Alzheimer's
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Formation of amyloid plaques, reduction of acetycholine, and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Deposits of protein accumulating in blood vessels.
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Amyloid plaques
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Twisted fibers that build up in neurons.
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Neurofibrillary tangles
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Initially occurs in individuals younger than 65; Generally affects people from 30-60; Rare
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Early onset of Alzheimer's disease (Pre-dementia)
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Initially occurs in individuals 65 or older;
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Late onset of Alzheimer's disease (Senile dementia)
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When was it discovered that Alzheimer disease involves a deficiency in the important brain messenger chemical acetylcholine, which plays an important role in memory; A reduction in ACH (primary neurotransmitter) causes severe memory loss.
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1970
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As Alzheimer's progresses...
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the brain shrinks and deteriorates.
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Although a definite cause of Alzheimer's disease is not known...
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age and genes are important risk factors and play an important role.
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What lifestyle roles can lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease?
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Health, diet, exercise, and weight control
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Older adults with Alzheimer's are more likely to have ____________.
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Cardiovascular disease
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What cardiac risk factors are implicated in Alzheimer's disease?
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Obesity, smoking, high cholesterol,and diabetes
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There is no treatment currently available to stop the downward spiral of physical decline, but...
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some drugs can prevent symptoms from becoming worse for a limited amount of time.
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What are medications for Alzheimer's disease?
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Antioxidant vitamins (C and E), Drugs such as Tacrine, Cognex, Namenda, Mamantine, Aricept, Donepeziul, Exelon, Rivastigmine, Anti-Inflammatory agents, and Exercise
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What are signals of Alzheimer's disease?
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Poor judgment, help needed to do familiar tasks, misplacing things, loss of initiative, and changes in mood.
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Pediatric form of Alzheimer's in which babies are born normal and then changes characterized by difficult balance and coordination, bodies that cannot metabolize cholestoral properly, and problems with memory occur.
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Neimann Pick Disease
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Children of this genetic disorder experience early graying, wrinkling, and hair loss, cardiovascular problems, Alzheimer's disease and death.
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Progeria (Premature aging)
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What are 2 types of progeria?
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Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome and Werner's syndrome
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Aging starts around age 4 and by 10 or 12 the external child has all the external features of old age; Death occurs at puberty.
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Hutchinson-Gildord syndrome
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Adult Progeria; Starts in the early adult life and follows the same rapid progression as a juvenile form.
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Werner's syndrome
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