Chapter 14 Nonspecific Host Defenses

Front 1

What is the first line of defense in the host

Back 1

Physical barriers chemical barriers and genetic component

Front 2

What is the second line of defense for the host

Back 2

Inflammation ,fever ,

phagocytosis interferon,complement

Front 3

First line of defense for physical barriers

Back 3

Skin :Closely packed cells continuous layering the presence of keratin and the dryness and shedding.

Mucous membranes Line the entire gastrointestinal respiratory and Genitourinary

Front 4

Other mechanisms of protection for physical barriers include

Back 4

Flushing action such as the eye (blinking,tears,) saliva and urinary tract (urine)

Gi commensalism (one organism benefits the other is unaffected) biota

Respiratory tract sneezing and coughing

Vomiting and defecation may quickly rid of microbes and there toxins

Front 5

What is the name of Lipids that are on the skin surface and give it an acidic pH (Chemical barrier)

Back 5

Sebum

Front 6

A Chemical barrier found in tears ,saliva. It alsoHydrolyzes the peptidoglycan of bacterial cells

Back 6

Lysozyme

Front 7

Chemical barrier high in lactic acid and electrolytes,salt,lysozyme

Back 7

Perspiration

Hint 7

Toxins of C. Botulinum and S. Aureus not destroyed by ph 1.2 -3.0. H. Pylori neutralizes stomach acid

Front 8

Chemical barrier that have digestive enzyme, HCL and mucous;toxins

Back 8

Gastric juice

Front 9

Chemical barrier of vagina

Back 9

Low pH

Front 10

Chemical barrier in the blood that are iron binding proteins that inhibit bacterial growth by decreasing the amt of available iron

Back 10

Transferrins

Front 11

Name 3 diseases that its genetic components are considered a first line of defense

Back 11

Hemochromatosis

Sickle cell and HIV

Front 12

Iron loading; increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. However decreases the Susceptibility to TB and the plague; 40 generations

Back 12

Hemochromatosis

Front 13

Causes the red blood cells to rupture prematurely when infected with the malarial protozoan plasmodium preventing reproduction for independent mutational events 3000 to 6000 generations

Back 13

Sickle cell

Front 14

Mutation in northern Europe causing an absence of a co-receptor on T lymphocytes preventing viral docking decrease Susceptibility to Plague and or small packs dysentery 1000 ?generations

Back 14

HIV

Front 15

Cells of the immune system constantly move about the body searching for potential pathogen. These cells have been trained to recognize body cells so called self and differentiate them from any Foreign material in the body such as an invading bacterial cell nonself

Back 15

White blood cells

Front 16

The immune system evaluates cells by examining certain molecules on the surface called?

Back 16

Markers Which generally consist of proteins and or sugars

Front 17

The loss of the ability to identify body self and distinguish self from nonself is the result

Back 17

The result of an auto immune disease

Front 18

Nonself cells are recognized by

Back 18

PRRr’s (pathogen recognition receptors on phagocytes

Front 19

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) on the self cell (phagocyte) identify the non self cells

Back 19

Pathogenic associated molecular pattern also know as PAMP

Front 20

A network of fibers that connect cells with each other within a tissue or organ and provide the support system for phagocytic white blood cells

Back 20

The reticuloendothelial system also known as the mono nuclear phagocytic system

Front 21

Communication of the immune system also includes the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system because

Back 21

The close association allows cells and chemicals that originate in the reticular system to diffuse or migrate into the blood (such as the heart arteries veins and caplllaries that circulate blood)

And lymphatic system.

Front 22

What is the lymphatic systems function

Back 22

Return tissue fluid to circulation Carry away excess fluid in inflame tissues and issues the third line of defense for the specific immune response

Front 23

Circulates throughout the lymphatic system and is similar to blood except that there are no red blood cells

Back 23

Lymph

Front 24

Thin walled vessels that are located parallel to the blood vessels

Back 24

Lymphatic vessels

Front 25

In what direction does the lymph flow

Back 25

The flow of the lymph is in One Direction from the extremities to the heart and is return to the bloodstream at the subclavian vein near the heart

Front 26

How is lymph push through the body

Back 26

Unlike the blood which is pumped by the heart lymph is push through the body by the contraction of skeletal muscles which can result in swelling of the hands and feet during the night actually factor extending life

Front 27

What are the lymph organs and tissues

Back 27

Lymph nodes ,spleen ,thymus (the thymus shrinks in size during adulthood)

Front 28

There are four specialize collections of lymphoid tissue’s

Back 28

Galt: associated lymphoid tissue which includes the appendix and Peters patches in the ileum of the small intestine

Malt mucosal associated lymphoid tissue’s

Salt skin associated lymphoid tissue

Balt bronchial associated lymphoid tissue

Front 29

Surrounds the systems and allow constant communicati

Back 29

Extracellular fluid

Front 30

The liquid which contains a erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

Back 30

Plasma

Front 31

Red blood cells

Back 31

Erythrocytes

Front 32

White blood cells

Back 32

Leukocytes

Front 33

Platelets

Back 33

Thrombocytes a.k.a. platelets

Front 34

Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow and loser nucleus prior to entering circulation becoming by concave fact of hemoglobin that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 34

Erythrocytes a.k.a. red blood cells

Front 35

Involved in blood clotting and inflammation (they are not whole cells)

Back 35

Thrombocytes a.k.a. platelets

Front 36

The order of normal occurrence in the Blood. Never let monkeys eat bananas

Back 36

Neutrophil

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinphils

Basophils

Front 37

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Means

Back 37

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, Basophills

Front 38

Have visible granules When stained

Back 38

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Hint 38

NEB

Front 39

Have granules that don’t stain

Back 39

Lymphocytes ,monocytes

Front 40

Damage cells release chemicals that attract neutrophils highly phagocytic and can leave the blood enter infected tissue and destroy bacteria

Back 40

Neutrophils

Hint 40

In the skin they are also known as Langerhan cells also found in the inner lining of the nose long stomach and intestines

Front 41

Active against helminth fungi and Protozoa , weekly phagocytic also increase in response to respond to inflammatory responses and allergen

Back 41

Eosinphils

Front 42

Associated with inflammatory an allergen responses release histamine

Back 42

Basophils

Front 43

Are similar to basophils and release histamine but are bound to connective tissue around blood vessels nerves and epithelia and are non motile;contain granules rich in histamine and heparin trigger inflamatory reactions are responsible for allergy symptoms

Back 43

Mast cells

Front 44

Leave the blood and mature into macro phages which are entirely phagocytic in function.

Back 44

Monocytes

Front 45

Responsible for lymph node swelling

Back 45

Increase in maturation of macrophages and an increase of lymphocytes

Front 46

Part of the third line of defense occur in the lymph tissue and circulate in blood not phagocytic

Back 46

Lymphocytes

Front 47

Derive from monocytes; antigen presenting cells ingestion of bacteria and viruses stimulate migration to lymphoid tissue where they interact with T cells and B cells

Back 47

Dendritic cells

Front 48

Cell mediated immunity. They increase in viral infections there are different types

Back 48

T cells

Front 49

Assist other T cells and B cells

Back 49

TH :helper T cells

Front 50

Kill foreign cells my lysis

Back 50

Tc: Cytotoxic T cells

Front 51

Control specific immune response and prevent

auto immunity

Back 51

TR : Regulatory T cells

Front 52

Related to T cells but lack antigen specificity. Attack cancer cells and virus infected B cells and any sick cells

Back 52

Natural killer ( NK)

Front 53

Humoral immunity produce anti-bodies “ jolly bodies” they can also act as antigen presenting cells

Back 53

B cells

Front 54

Second line of the defense inflammation

Caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissues

Back 54

Rubor -redness

Front 55

Second line of the defense inflammation

Given off by the increase flow of blood

Back 55

Calor -heat

Front 56

Second line of the defense inflammation

Swelling from the increased fluid escaping into the tissues

Back 56

tumor

Front 57

Second line of the defense inflammation

Pain caused by the stimulation of the nerve endings

Back 57

Dolor -pain

Front 58

Helps prevent the loss of blood and the release of chemical mediators and Chemokins by blood cells,tissue cells ,and platelets.

chemokins mark the infection attracting phagocytes

Back 58

Vasoconstriction

Front 59

Integrins on the surfaces of neutrophils attach to selectins on activated endothelial cells

Back 59

Margination

Front 60

Cell mediators cause mass cells to release histamine causing what response

Back 60

Vasodilation

Front 61

Phagocyte migration phagocyte stick to endothelium and then squeeze between endothelial cells

Back 61

Diapedisis/ extravasatiin

Front 62

From the fluid leakage increase in phagocyte an accumulation of pus and mixture of dead cells

Back 62

Edema ( swelling)

Front 63

Certain coccal bacteria strongly attract neutrophils and are called

Back 63

Pyogenic or pus forming bacteria

Front 64

Caused by nerve damage, toxins or the pressure of edema

Back 64

Pain

Front 65

Limit spread for microbes or toxins

Back 65

Blood clots

Front 66

Are highly phagocytic and high blood counts of this cell are indicative of bacterial infection

Back 66

Neutrophil

Front 67

Move to cite invaded by eukaryotic pathogen’s and our weekly phagocytic

Back 67

Eosinphils

Front 68

Are entirely phagocytic and nonspecific in their attack on pathogen’s

Back 68

Macrophages

Front 69

Binding of the PAMP by PRR initiate

Back 69

And immune response

Front 70

Binding of the PAMP by PRR initiate

Back 70

And immune response

Front 71

A systemic response.Most frequent cause is bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses

Back 71

Fever

Front 72

The bodies thermostat affected by certain pyrogenic fever producing substances released in response to pathogens

Back 72

Hypothalmus

Front 73

What is Exogenus

what is Endogenous

Back 73

Exogenous coming from outside the body

Endogenous coming from within the body

Front 74

Associated with infectious agents such as the LPS layer of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin

Back 74

Exogenous pyrogens

Front 75

Produced by what white blood cells during phagocytosis as part of the immune response

Back 75

Endogenous pyrogens -

Front 76

What are the benefits of high body temperature

Back 76

Inhibits multiplication of temperature sensitive pathogen’s decreases the amount of available iron to bacteria increases the rate of metabolism and stimulates the new response associated with antiviral response such as T cells and interferon

Front 77

What are some complications of fever

Back 77

Tachycardia ,metabolic acidosis, dehydration ,seizures, death result if body temperature increases above 44- 46°C or 112 214°F

Front 78

Slight to moderate fever maybe allowed up to

Back 78

102°F with the exception of newborn to three months at 100.4 Fahrenheit

Front 79

How can you treat a fever

Back 79

Antipyretic drugs such as acetaminophen (Tylenol),and NSAID known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen (Advil) naproxen (Aleve) and aspirin and tepid Luke warm baths

Front 80

There are three types of interferon that inhibit the expression of cancer gene all are produced in response to viruses RNA immune products and various antigens

Back 80

Alpha beta and gamma interferon

Front 81

Interferon produced by virus-infected Host cells in very small quantities and diffuse to uninfected neighboring cells were they React with membrane receptors and Cause the unaffected Cell To make mRNA for the synthesis of antiviral proteins

Back 81

Alpha interferon and beta interferon

Front 82

What problem arises when using interferons to control disease

Back 82

Effective for only a short periods do not remain stable in the body. Side effects when injected include flu like symptoms, they are not effective for some viral infections

Front 83

Alpha IFN is used for what disease

Back 83

Karposi sarcoma, melanoma, herpes viruses, and hepatitis b and c

Front 84

Beta iFN is used in

Back 84

Slowing the progression of MS multiple sclerosis

Front 85

What is the complement system

Back 85

A defensive set of over 30 proteins produced by the liver and found in the blood genetic deficiency can cause genetic disease

Front 86

Proteins of the complement system act together to cause

Back 86

Cytolysis this is when proteins bind together to form a cylinder shaped membrane attack complex which inserts itself through the pathogen membrane.

gram-negative cells are more susceptible to MAC because of the presence of an outer membrane and thin cell wall

Hint 86

Host cell membranes contain proteins that protect them from this action

Front 87

Coating antigen with complement enhances Phagocytosis

Back 87

Opsonization

Front 88

Proteins that bind to iron and lessen iron availability for bacteria such as hemoglobin transferin lactoferrin are called

Back 88

Iron binding proteins

Front 89

How does bacteria scavenge for iron

Back 89

By releasing siderophores (Iron binding molecules)