Chapter 14- General Psychology

Front 1

personality

Back 1

all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations

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psychodynamic theory

Back 2

relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual, including unconscious ones

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catharsis

Back 3

release of pent-up emotional tension

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psychoanalysis

Back 4

his method of explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious forces

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unconscious

Back 5

the repository of memories, emotions and thoughts, many of them illogical, that effect our behavior even though we cannot talk about them

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Oedipus complex

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when he develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression toward his father

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psychosexual pleasure

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all strong, pleasant excitement arising from body stimulation

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libido (means "desire")

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psychosexual energy

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fixated

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continues to be preoccupied with the pleasure area associated with that stage

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oral stage

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infant derives intense psychosexual pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly sucking at the mother's breast

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anal stage

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they get psychosexual pleasure from the sensations of bowe movements

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phallic stage

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children begin to play with their genitals

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latent period

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they suppress their psychosexual interest

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genital stage

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young people take a strong sexual interest in other people

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id

Back 15

consists of all our biological drives, such as sex and hunger, that demand immediate gratification

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ego

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rational, decision-making aspect of the personality

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superego

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contains memory of rules and prohibitions we learned from out parent and the rest of society

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defense mechanisms

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the ego defends itself against conflicts and anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious

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repression

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motivated forgetting

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denial

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refusal to believe information that provokes anxiety

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rationalization

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attempt to prove that their actions are rational and justifiable and thus worthy of approval

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displacement

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diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target

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regression

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return to a more immature level of functioning

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projection

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attribution of one's own undesirable characteristics to other people's

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reaction formation

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present themselves as the opposite of what they really are to hide the unpleasant truth either from themselves or others

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sublimation

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transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable, even admirable, behaviors

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neo-Freudians

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remained faithful to parts of Freud's theory while modifying other parts

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collective unconscious

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present at birth, represents the cumulative experience of preceding generations

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archetypes

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vague images that we inherited from the experiences of our ancestors

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individual psychology

Back 30

indivisible psychology and psychology of the person as a whole rather than a psychology of parts

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inferiority complex

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exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequacy and helplessness

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striving for superiority

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desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment

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style of life

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master plan for achieving a sense of superiority

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social interest

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sense of solidarity and identification with other people

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gender role

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pattern of behavior that a person is expected to follow because of being male or female

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humanistic psychology

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deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs, including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people like and die for

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self-actualization

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achievement of one's full potential

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self-concept

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image of what they really are

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ideal self

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an image of what they would like to be

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unconditional positive regard

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the complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is

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conditional positive regard

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the attitude that "I shall like you only if..."

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self-actualization

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fulfillment of an individual's potential

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nomothetic approach

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seeks general laws about various aspects of personality

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extraversion

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tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people; the more likely that person will introduce him/herself to a stranger

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idiographic approach

Back 45

intensive studies of indivuals

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trait

Back 46

consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior, such as shyness

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state

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temporary activation of a particular behavior

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trait approach to personality

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people have consistent characteristics in their behavior

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belief in a just world

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maintain that life is fair and people usually get what they deserve

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big five personality traits

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neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to new experience

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neuroticism

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tendency to experience unpleasant emotions frequently

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emotionaol stability

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the mirror image of neuroticism

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agreeableness

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tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful and to strive for achievement and competence

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harm

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avoidance, anxiety proneness

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unshared environment

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aspects of environment that differ from 1 individual to another, even within a family

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Barnum effect

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tendency to accept vague descriptions of our personality

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standardized test

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one that is administered according to rules that specify how to interpret the results

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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true-false questions intended to measure certain personality dimensions and clinical conditions such as depression, 550 items
- the second edition has 567 items

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empirically

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based on evidence rather than theory

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projective techniques

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designed to encourage people to project their personality characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli

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Rorschach Inkblots

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projective technique based on people's interpretations of 10 ambiguous inkblots

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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person is asked to make up a story for each picture, describing what events led up to this scene, what is happening now and what will happen in the future