Chapter 12-Blood

Front 1

blood is what kind of tissue

Back 1

connective

Front 2

blood is a complex mixture of what three things

Back 2

-cells
-cell fragments
-dissolved biochemicals

Front 3

what are the functions of the blood

Back 3

-transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes and hormones
-maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid
-distributes heat

Front 4

where are cells formed and what are their functions

Back 4

-formed in red bone marrow
-red blood cells transport gases
-white blood cells fight disease

Front 5

what is the function of platelets

Back 5

control blood loss

Front 6

hematocrit

Back 6

-HCT
-percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample
-about 45%

Front 7

what percentage of blood volume do white blood cells and platelets account for

Back 7

less than 1%

Front 8

what is plasma

Back 8

-straw colored liquid
- mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes and cellular wastes

-92% water

-transports nutrients, gases and vitamins, helps to regulate fluid and electroylte balance, maintains a favorable PH

Front 9

how much blood does an average adult have

Back 9

men- 5-6 liters
women- 4-5 liters

varies with fluid and electrolyte concentrations, body size and adipose tissue

Front 10

what is the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells

Back 10

hemoglobin

Front 11

erythrocytes

Back 11

-red blood cells
- bioconcave disks
-

Front 12

what is the result when hemoglobin binds oxygen

Back 12

oxyhemoglobin

Front 13

what is the result when oxygen is released from hemoglobin

Back 13

deoxyhemoglobin

Front 14

what does the lack of nucleus mean for red blood cells

Back 14

they can not synthesize proteins or divide

Front 15

how do red blood cells produce ATP

Back 15

glycolysis

Front 16

red blood cell count

Back 16

the number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood

men - 4,600,000- 6,200,000
women- 4,200,000- 5,400,000

RBCC or RCC

Front 17

erythropoiesis

Back 17

red blood cell formation

Front 18

where are red blood cells formed initially

Back 18

yolk sac
liver
spleen

Front 19

where are red blood cells produced after birth

Back 19

tissue lining in the spaces in the bones filled with red bone marrow

Front 20

what are the stages of red blood cell production

Back 20

-hematopoietic stem cell
-myeloid stem cell
-proerythroblast
-erythroblast
-normoblast
-reticulocyte
-erythrocyte

Front 21

what is the life span of a red blood cell

Back 21

120 days

Front 22

erythropoietin

Back 22

-hormone controlling rate of red blood cell production
-released from kidney and to lesser extent the liver in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency

Front 23

polycythemia

Back 23

excessive increase in red blood cells

increases blood viscosity, slows blood flow, impairs circulation

Front 24

what is needed from DNA synthesis?

Back 24

B12
folic acid

Front 25

what is needed for hemoglobin synthesis

Back 25

iron

Front 26

anemia

Back 26

-deficiency in red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin they contain

-affected person may become pale and lack energy

Front 27

what happens to hematocrit levels when blood volume increases

Back 27

in decreases

Front 28

hemochromatosis

Back 28

-inherited disorder
-small intestine absorbs iron at ten times the normal rate
-treatment is periodic blood removal

Front 29

sickle cell disease

Back 29

-single DNA based mutation changes one amino acid in the protein part of hemoglobin

-this causes hemoglobin to crystallize in a low oxygen enviroment

-sickle shape red blood cells from bending due to lack of oxygen

-painful

-derived from malaria regions

Front 30

hydroxyurea

Back 30

drug used to activate production of a form of hemoglobin normally produced only in the fetus

slows sickeling

Front 31

With age , red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through the ____________

Back 31

capillaries

Front 32

what phagocytizes damaged red blood cells and where does this happen

Back 32

-macrophages

-liver and spleen

Front 33

what are macrophages

Back 33

large phagocytic wondering cells

Front 34

heme group

Back 34

hemoglobin molecules liberated from the red blood cells breakdown

further breaks down into biliverdin

Front 35

in what form is iron stored in the liver

Back 35

iron-protein complex

Front 36

what color is biliverdin

Back 36

green

Front 37

what color is bilirubin

Back 37

orange

Front 38

where are bilirubin and biliverdin excreted

Back 38

bile as bile pigments

Front 39

jaundice

Back 39

-accumulation of bilirubin turns skin and eyes yellowish

-may be the result of immature liver cells that ineffectively excrete bilirubin into the bile

Front 40

leukocytes

Back 40

-white blood cells

-develop from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow

Front 41

what hormones are used in stimulation for white blood cells

Back 41

-interleukins
numbered
-colony stimulating factors
named for the cell population they stimulate

Front 42

what is the function of white blood cells

Back 42

protect against disease

Front 43

what are the five types of leukocytes

Back 43

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
lymphocytes

Front 44

granulocytes

Back 44

leukocytes with granular cytoplasm

Front 45

agranulocytes

Back 45

leukocytes without cytoplasmic granules

Front 46

how big is a granulocyte

Back 46

twice the size of the red blood cell

Front 47

what is the average life span of a granulocyte

Back 47

12 hours

Front 48

neutrophils

color?
granules?
nucleus?
purpose?
percentage?

Back 48

-purple staining fine cytoplasmic granules
- c shaped lobed nucleus
-phagocytize small particles
-account for 54-62 %

Front 49

diapedesis

Back 49

leukocytes squeeze through the cells that form vessel walls, this is that movement

Front 50

eosinophils

color?
granules?
nucleus?
purpose?
percentage?

Back 50

- stain red
-coarse granules
-2 lobed
-kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
-1-3%

Front 51

Basophils

color?
granules?
nucleus?
purpose?
percentage?

Back 51

-deep blue
-fewer granules
-size and shape of nuclei similar to eosinophils
-releases heparin and histamine
-less than 1%

Front 52

what is the function of

herperin

histamine

Back 52

inhibits clotting

promotes inflammation

Front 53

monocytes

color?
granules?
nucleus?
purpose?
percentage?

Back 53

largest blood cells

-purple
-agranular
-kidney bean shaped nucleus
-phagacytizes large particles
-3-9%

Front 54

lymphocytes

color?
granules?
nucleus?
purpose?
percentage?

Back 54

only slightly larger than red blood cells

-purple
-agranular
-large round nucleus
-provides immunity
-25-33%

Front 55

amoeboid motion

Back 55

self propulsion motion of leukocytes

Front 56

what do monocytes become when they leave the blood stream

Back 56

macrophages

Front 57

what do macrophages do

Back 57

phagocytize bacteria, dead cells and other debris

Front 58

lysosomes

Back 58

organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down organic molecules captured in bacteria, nutrients and worn out organelles

Front 59

what is a normal white blood cell count

Back 59

4,000-11,000 per microliter of human blood

Front 60

leukocytosis

Back 60

total number of white blood cells exceeding 11,000 per microliter

indicates acute infection

Front 61

leukopenia

Back 61

white blood cell count below 4,000 per microliter

may accompany typhoid fever, influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, poliomyelitis

Front 62

differential white blood cell count

Back 62

percentages of types of leukocytes in a blood sample

-useful because relative proportions change with particular diseases

Front 63

changes in white blood cell counts with disease

bacterial infections

parasitic infections and allergic reactions

AIDS

Back 63

number of neutrophils increases

number of eosinophils increase

lymphocyte drop sharply

Front 64

thrombocytes

Back 64

-platelets

-arise from megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow

-develeop from hemapoietic stem cells in response to thrombopoietin

-lacks a nucleus

-less than half the size of a red blood cell

-lives 10 days

Front 65

what is a normal platelet count

Back 65

130,00-360,000

Front 66

what are the most abundant of the dissolved substances found in plasma

Back 66

plasma proteins

Front 67

what are the three types of plasma proteins

Back 67

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

Front 68

albumins

Back 68

-smallest of the plasma proteins
-account for 60% of these proteins by weight
-synthesized in the liver
-important determinant of osmotic pressure

Front 69

colloid osmotic pressure

Back 69

-used to describe osmotic effect due to plasma proteins

-plasma proteins are to large to pass through the capillary walls, impermeant, create osmotic pressure that hold fluid in the capillaries

Front 70

edema

Back 70

-concentration of plasma protein falls
-tissues swell
-may result from starvation, protein deficient diet or impaired liver

Front 71

globulins

Back 71

-36% of plasma proteins
- further divided into alpha, beta , gamma globulins

Front 72

alpha and beta globulins

Back 72

-synthesized in the liver
-transport of lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Front 73

gamma globulins

Back 73

-produced by lymphatic tissue
-antibody

Front 74

fibrinogen

Back 74

-4% of plasma proteins
-functions in blood coagulation
-synthesized in the liver
-largest of the plasma proteins

Front 75

what are the most important blood gases

Back 75

oxygen
carbon dioxide

Front 76

plasma nutrients include:

Back 76

-amino acids that build proteins
-simple sugars for energy storage
-nucleotides ( DNA, RNA)
-lipids for long term storage of cholestrol

Front 77

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Back 77

molecules that contain nitrogen atoms but are not proteins

includes amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine and creatinine

Front 78

where do amino acids come from

Back 78

protein digestion and amino acid absorption

Front 79

where do urea and uric acid come from

Back 79

products of protein and nucleic acid catabolism

Front 80

what does creatinine result from

Back 80

metabolism of creatine

Front 81

electrolytes

Back 81

absorbed from the intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism

Front 82

what are the two most abundant electrolytes

Back 82

sodium and chloride ions

Front 83

hemeostasis

Back 83

stoppage of bleeding

Front 84

following injury to a vessel, three steps occur in hemostasis, what are the steps

Back 84

blood vessel spasm
platelet plug formation
blood coagulation

Front 85

cutting or breaking a small blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles to contract

Back 85

vasospasm

Front 86

can vasospasm completely close the end of a severed vessel

Back 86

yes

Front 87

how long does the effect of direct stimulation from vasospasm usually last

Back 87

30 minutes

Front 88

what do platelets release and what does it do

Back 88

serotonin

contracts smooth muscles in the blood vessel walls

Front 89

serum

Back 89

plasma minus clotting factors

Front 90

formation of fibrin

Back 90

1. damaged tissues release tissue thromnoplastin, initiating a series of reactions in the production of prothrombin activator..requires calcium ions , proteins, phospholipids

Front 91

prothrombin

Back 91

prothrombin activator converts into thrombin

thrombin catalyzes a reaction that joins fragments of fibrinogen into long threads of fibrin

Front 92

what creates the meshwork that entraps blood cells and platelets

Back 92

fibrin sticks to the exposed surfaces of damaged blood vessels

Front 93

laboratory tests that evaluate blood coagulation mechanisms

Back 93

prothrombin time PT
partial thromboplastin time PTT

Front 94

what do fibroblasts do

Back 94

-invade blood clots that form in ruptured vessels produces fibrous connective tissue throughout

Front 95

what does the dissolution of a clot require

Back 95

-coversion of plasma protein plasminogen into plasmin

Front 96

what does plasmin do

Back 96

breaks down fibrin threads

Front 97

what is a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel

Back 97

thrombus

Front 98

what is a clot that dislodges

Back 98

embolus

Front 99

tissue plasminogen activator

Back 99

medication that restores blocked coronary or cerebral circulation if given within three hours of a heart attack or stroke

Front 100

urokinase

Back 100

enzyme produced in kidney cells

Front 101

atherosclerosis

Back 101

accumulations of fatty deposits that change arterial linings

Front 102

agglutination

Back 102

clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction

Front 103

hemophilia

Back 103

-symtoms include severe hemorrhage from minor injury, frequent nosebleeds, blood in urine, intramuscular hematomas
-x chromosome
-more frequently males
-treatment is replacing factor 8

Front 104

von Willebrand disease

Back 104

-bleed and bruise easily
-hereditary coagulation disorder
-mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract spontaneously bleed

Front 105

Factor V Leiden

Back 105

inherited susceptibility plus other risk factors

mutation in gene that encodes clotting factor V

just one altered DNA base which changes one amino acid in the clotting factor