Chapter 16

Front 1

How many special senses are there and what are they?

Back 1

5 special senses: Olfaction (smell), Gustation (taste), Vision, Equilibrium (balance), hearing

Front 2

What is contained in the olfactory organs?

Back 2

Olfactory epithelium with olfactory receptors, supporting cells and basal cells

Front 3

Olfactory receptors are modified what?

Back 3

Neurons

Front 4

What is the other name for olfactory gland and what does it do

Back 4

1. Bowman’s gland
2. Secretions absorb water and forms a thick pigmented mucus

Front 5

What is at the end of the olfactory receptor cell and what kind of receptors do they contain

Back 5

Olfactory cilia and they contain receptor proteins

Front 6

Where does olfactory reception occur and explain the process

Back 6

1. Olfactory cilia
2. Dissolved chemicals interact with receptors called odorant binding proteins

Front 7

Explain what happens in olfactory transduction process?

Back 7

Odorant binding protein is inactive until an odorant chemical meets up and activates it with the use of ATP, which in turn becomes cAMP and acts on the Na+ channel and causes an influx of Na+, which causes depolarization triggering action potential in the axon of receptors.

Front 8

What is the pathway of the olfactory once leaving the axon?

Back 8

Axon leaving olfactory bulb travel along olfactory tract to reach olfactory cortex, the hypothalamus and portions of the limbic system

Front 9

Olfactory system can make distinctions among how many chemical stimuli and what happens with age?

Back 9

1. 2000-4000 chemical stimuli
2. Total number of receptors declines.

Front 10

What does gustation mean?

Back 10

The sense of taste

Front 11

How many types of lingual papilla are there how many taste buds do they contain

Back 11

1. There are 3 types
2. Filiform (filum, thread) no taste buds, Fungiform (fungus, mushroom) 5 taste buds, circumvallate 100 taste buds

Front 12

What monitors taste buds?

Back 12

Cranial nerves VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus)

Front 13

Facial nerve monitors all taste buds located where.

Back 13

Anterior two thirds of the tongue from the tip to the line of the cirumvallate papillae

Front 14

What is the gustratory pathway once sensation occurs?

Back 14

Travels up the cranial nerve that goes to the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata then the axon of the postsynaptic neuron enter the medial lemniscuses, which then go to the thalamus, and then it is distributed to the proper primary sensory cortex, which is the gustatory
cortex.

Front 15

What are the primary taste sensations?

Back 15

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami

Front 16

What is umami?

Back 16

Pleasant taste that is characteristic of beef broth and chicken broth and parmesan cheese

Front 17

We begin life with how many taste buds and what happens to them later in life.

Back 17

We start out with more than 10,000 and at age 50 declines dramatically

Front 18

What is the other name for eyelids, and what are the eyelids for?

Back 18

The other name is palpebrae, and it covers and protects the eye. It blinks cont. and keeps the cornea lubricated and free of dust and debris

Front 19

Where are the end points to the palpebrae?

Back 19

Lateral and medial canthus

Front 20

What is the medial canthus?

Back 20

mass of soft tissue, containing glands producting the thick secretions that contribute to the gritty deposits while asleep.

Front 21

What is chalazion? What is sty?

Back 21

1. Cyst (Small lumps) generally from infection of a tarsal gland or meibonian gland or sebaceous gland.
2. Painful localized swelling due to infection in a sebaceous gland of the of the eye lashes, a tarsal gland or on of the sweat gland that opens to the surface btw the follicles.

Front 22

What covers the inner surface of the eyelids and outer surface of the cornea?

Back 22

Conjunctiva

Front 23

What does palperbral conjunctive cover?

Back 23

Cover the inner surface of the eye lids

Front 24

Explain the propose of the lacrimal apparatus

Back 24

1. Produces, distributes, and removes tears.
2. The nutrient and oxygen demands of the corneal cells are supplied by diffusion from the lacrimal secretions, which are watery and slightly alkaline.
3. Contain the enzyme Lysozyme that attacks bacteria.

Front 25

Explain the process from of the lacrimal apparatus from the time tears are made till the tears drain

Back 25

Lacrimal gland produces the tears, which flow into the lacrimal lake. One there is enough tears in the lacrimal lake they go through a small hole in the medial canthus called lacrimal canaliculi, which flows through lacrimal canal into the lacrimal sac. Once in the lacrimal sac the tears flow down the nasolacrimal duct and empty into the
inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.

Front 26

The wall of the eye contains three distinct layer or tunics what are the three and what is contained in each?

Back 26

1. Outer fibrous tunic which contains the sclera, cornea, limbuse
2. Intermediate vascular tunic which contains the iris, cilliary body, and choroid
3. Inner neural tunic (retina), which contains the outer layer, called pigmented part and the inner layer called the neural part.

Front 27

What are the parts of the ciliary body?

Back 27

Ciliary muscle, ciliary process, suspensory ligaments.

Front 28

Where are photoreceptors located? What is the optic disc commonly called?

Back 28

1. In the pigmented part of the retina
2. The blind Spot.

Front 29

How many types of photoreceptors are there? Describe them

Back 29

1. 2 types Rods and Cones
2. Rods highly sensitive to dim light. Allows for night vision
3. Cones allow us with color vision

Front 30

Eye is divided into chamber; describe all the chambers of the eye and what it’s filled with?

Back 30

1. Posterior cavity also called vitreous chamber because it filled with gelatinous vitreous body which stabilized its shape and give physical support to the retina.
2. Anterior cavity is further subdivided into 2 chambers Anterior and poster chambers and clear aqueous humor fills the anterior cavity
that gives it its shape.

Front 31

Aqueous humor returns to circulation from where?

Back 31

Anterior chamber through the canal of shlemm or sclera venous sinus.

Front 32

Where is the lens located and what holds it in place?

Back 32

Posterior the cornea, held in place by suspensory ligaments of the ciliary body.

Front 33

When the ciliary muscles contract what happens. And what happens when they relax.

Back 33

1. Ciliary body moves toward the lens reducing the tension on the suspensory ligaments caused the lens to round out for closer vision.
2. The ciliary body moves away from the lens-causing tension on the suspensory ligaments, which flattens the lens for further vision.

Front 34

What is accommodation when it refers to refraction?

Back 34

Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant

Front 35

In a health eye where is the image focused on, and what is the healthy eye called.

Back 35

The image focuses on the surface of the retina and the health eye is called ammetropia.

Front 36

What is another name for nearsighted and what is happening.

Back 36

Myopia. The person has trouble focusing on distance objects

Front 37

What is another name for farsighted and what is happening

Back 37

Hyperopia. The ciliary muscles can't contract to focus on up close objects.

Front 38

What controls the shape of the lens?

Back 38

The ciliary muscles as well as the suspensory ligaments.

Front 39

What is astigmatism?

Back 39

When the light passing through the cornea and lens fails to refract properly and the image will be distorted. The degree of curvature in the cornea or lens is off.

Front 40

Describe visual acuity?

Back 40

A person that has 20/20 vision can see details at a distance of 20 feet clearly.

Front 41

What is a form hyperopia in older individuals and what is the reason.

Back 41

Presbyopia, older individuals become farsighted as their lenses lose elasticity.

Front 42

What are scotomas?

Back 42

Abnormal blind spots

Front 43

What is contained on the discs of the outer segments of both rods and cones? And describe why it’s important.

Back 43

Visual pigments. Absorption of photons by VP is the first key step in the processes of photoreception (the detection of light).

Front 44

VP are derivatives of what in Rods and what in Cones. What does VP consist of?

Back 44

1. Rhodopsin in Rods and iodopsin in cones.
2. Consist of protein, opsin, bound to the pigment retinene

Front 45

Do both rods and cones have opsin, what does opsin determine.

Back 45

1. Yes
2. Determine the wavelength of light that can be absorbed by retinal.

Front 46

Explain what happens when darkness occurs the Rods are activated.

Back 46

When darkness occurs Cyclin-GMP (cGMP) opens the Na+ channels allowing sodium ions to come and go. (ACTION POTENTIONAL)

Front 47

What is dark current?

Back 47

Movement of sodium ions into the outer portion of the inner segment and out of the cell.

Front 48

What is retinal (reinene) synthesized from

Back 48

vit A.

Front 49

Explain the process of photoreception from step 1- step 4.

Back 49

Step 1, light enters and opsin activation occurs, 11 cis becomes 11 trans
Step 2, opsin activates transducin, and transducin activates phosphodiesterase
Step 3. cGMP levels deline and sodium channels gate closes.
Step 4. Rate of neurotransmitter release declines

Front 50

What does the term bleaching mean in terms of photoreception?

Back 50

Rhodopsion molecule begins to break down into retinal and opsin.

Front 51

What contributes to the lingering visual impression you have after you see a flashbulb go off. And explain why. What is another name for this lingering impression and where does it remain.

Back 51

1. Bleaching.
2. After intense exposure to like photoreceptors cannot respond to futher stimulation until the rhodopsin molecules have been regenerated.
3. Its called ghost image and it remains on the retina.

Front 52

For color vision there are three different types of cones what are they?

Back 52

Red cones, Blue cones, Green cones, and they all have a specific light wave length.

Front 53

If all colors are stimulated at once, what is seen?

Back 53

White

Front 54

For the color black to occur, what must happen?

Back 54

All the colors must be absorbred but not reach the retina

Front 55

Explain dark adapted state. Explain light adapted state

Back 55

1. rods to fully adapt to dark it takes 30 min. it’s a much slower process.
2. When one goes form dark to light it takes less time to transfer from dark to like, in actuality about 60 seconds for cones to reach full activity.

Front 56

What occurs when one or more classes of cones are nonfunctional.

Back 56

Color blindness.

Front 57

Explain ON-CENTER neurons.

Back 57

1. ganglion cells that are excited by light arriving in the center of their sensory field and are inhibited when light strikes the edges of their receptive field.

Front 58

Explain OFF-CENTER nerurons.

Back 58

Are stimulated by illumination at the edges.

Front 59

What are the two types of ganglion cells in the cisual pathway and what do they monitor?

Back 59

1. M cells (ganglion) that monitor RODS.
2. P cells (ganglion) that monitor CONES.

Front 60

What do M cells provide info about?

Back 60

General form of a large object at the edge of the image. Its motion, and shadows in dim light.

Front 61

What do P cells provide info about?

Back 61

Small non-moving objects at the center of the visual field detail, and color.

Front 62

Explain the pathway once info has reached the optic disk?

Back 62

Info travels along the optic nerve (II), which then reaches the diencephalons at the optic chiasm. Than travels up the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the same side of the brain. Then info travels up the projection fibers to the occipital cortex of the cerebral hemisphere on that side

Front 63

For proper depth perception what do you need?

Back 63

Both eyes.

Front 64

Input to suprachiasmic nucleus affects function of what?

Back 64

Brain stem.

Front 65

Circadian rhythm ties what, and affects what?

Back 65

Ties to day and night cycle and affects metabolic rates.

Front 66

What is included in the external ear?

Back 66

Fleshy and cartilaginous auricle or the pinna that surround the external acoustic canal.

Front 67

What is the external acoustic canal?

Back 67

Passageway that ends at the tympanic membrane also called the eardrum.

Front 68

What is the ceremonious glands, where is it, and what does it help do?

Back 68

Glands along the external acustic canal which secrete a waxy material that helps from foreign objects from entering.

Front 69

What is secreted by the ceremonious gland what does its help protect against.

Back 69

Cerumen which is earwax helps protect against infection.

Front 70

What is the main purpose of the semicircular canals and the cochlea?

Back 70

Semicircular canals are mainly for motion, and cochlea is mainly for hearing.

Front 71

What separated the middle ear from the external year and what is located in the middle ear.

Back 71

1. Tympanic membrane separated middle ear from external ear.
2. The middle ear is also called the auditory ossicles and contains 3 tiny bones.

Front 72

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by what?

Back 72

The receptors of the inner ear.

Front 73

What bones make up the auditory ossicles?

Back 73

The malleus, incus and stapes

Front 74

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane convert arriving sound waves into what when it reaches the ossicles.

Back 74

Mechanical movement.

Front 75

What’s the purpose of the tensor tympani muscle and stapediuse muscles?

Back 75

It’s a protective device. When loud sudden noise is observed the tensor tympani muscle and stapediuse muscle stiffness reducing the amount of movement to reduce from injury.

Front 76

What happens vibrations are passed to the stapes?

Back 76

Produces a rocking movement at the oval window, which generates fluid waves that stimulates receptors in the cochlear duct so sound can be heard.

Front 77

What's the round window for?

Back 77

Thin membrane that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air spaces of the middle ear.

Front 78

What's the round window for?

Back 78

Thin membrane that separates the perilymph of the cochlear chambers from the air spaces of the middle ear.

Front 79

The bony labyrinth can be subdivided into what parts

Back 79

Vestibule, three semicircular canals, cochlea

Front 80

The vestibule consists of a pair of membranous sacs called?

Back 80

saccule, utricle

Front 81

Maculas are located where?

Back 81

Saccule, utricle

Front 82

Cristae are located where?

Back 82

Ampullae’s of the vestibule

Front 83

What are the hair cells of the inner ear?

Back 83

The basic sensory receptors of the inner ear.

Front 84

What kind of information do hair cells provide?

Back 84

Direction and strength of stimuli.

Front 85

What picks up on the stimuli in the hair cell?

Back 85

Sterecolie and kinocilium (longer)

Front 86

What is the maculae made of?

Back 86

1. Hair Cell (with Stereocilia & Kinocillium)
2. Otolith (the complex)

Front 87

What is located in the Otolith (the complex)?

Back 87

Statoconia, Gelatinous Mass

Front 88

What is the function of the maculae?

Back 88

Gravity & acceleration.

Front 89

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in what and called what?

Back 89

Clustered in an oval structure called maculae

Front 90

Where are ampullae’s located?

Back 90

Semicircular canals

Front 91

What is contained in the ampullae’s?

Back 91

1. Cristae
a. Hair cells
b. Cupula

Front 92

What is the function of semicircular canals?

Back 92

Detect rotation.

Front 93

Each semicircular duct contains what

Back 93

Ampullae’s

Front 94

Movement of what detects the rotations direction in the semicircular canal.

Back 94

Endolymph

Front 95

What is the pathway of equilibrium sensation?

Back 95

Vestibular receptors activate sensory neurons of the vestibular ganglia, and then impulse travels up the axons from the vestibular branch of the cranial nerve (VII), which leads it to the vestibular nuclei.

Front 96

Where are the hair cells of the cochlear duct located?

Back 96

In the organ of Corti.

Front 97

The organ of corti sits on what, what does it separate the organ of corti from. What do the hair come in contact with?

Back 97

1. Basilar membrane
2. Separates it from the tympanic duct
3. Tectrorial membrane

Front 98

What determines the intensity of the sound being heard?

Back 98

The amount of hair cells at the organ of corti are stimulated

Front 99

What is the process of hearing?

Back 99

Sound waves move the tympanic membrane, which caused the auditory ossicles to move. The stapes that is part of the auditory ossicles causes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. The pressure waves caused the basilar membrane to move as the sound waves pass through the tympanic duct. Vibrations of the basilar membrane caused hair cells to brush up against tectorial membrane. Info about the intensity and the region is passed to the CNS by means of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VII).