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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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signal transduction pathway
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signal on cells surface ---> specific cellular response
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local signaling
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-short distance
-paracrine (growth factor) -synaptic (neurotransmitters) |
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long distance
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hormones
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Stages of cell signaling
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1) reception - target cell detected
2) transduction - single step/series of changes 3) response - triggering of a specific cellular response |
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protein phosphorylation
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-protein activity regulation
-adding phosphate from ATP to a protein (activates protein) |
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enzyme in protein phosphorylation
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protein kinases - tells reactions to occur
(1% of all our genes) ex) cell reproduction |
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reversal enzyme
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protein phosphatases
-strip phosphate off -help stop reactions |
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cellular responses to signals
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-cytoplasmic activity regulation
-cell metabolism regulation -nuclear transcription regulation (activation of genes to make protein) |
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how do intercellular connections function in cell to cell communication?
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-the cell junctions in animal/plant cells connect the cytoplasms of close cells
-the signal substances dissolved in the cytosol can move between the cells (gap junctions/plasmodesmata) -animal cells can interact with the membrane-bound molecules on the surface of the cells (cell-cell communication) |
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ligand
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-a molecule that attaches to a specific molecule (usually larger ones)
-when it binds to something, the shapes of the receptor proteins change |
