Chapter 10

Front 1

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

Back 1

the primary function is to provide a means of gas exchange between the external enviorment and the body, occurs as a result of ventilation and diffusion

Front 2

What secondary function does it serve?

Back 2

plays an important role in the regulation of the acid base balancing during heavy exercise.

Front 3

pulmonary resperation

Back 3

refers to ventilation/breathing and the exchanges of gases(O2 and CO2) in the lungs.

Front 4

cellular reperation

Back 4

relates to the O2 utilization and production by the tissues

Front 5

ventilation

diffusion

Back 5

refers tom the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

the random movement of molocules from a area of high concentration to a area of low concentration.

Front 6

List and discuss the major anatomical components of the respiratory system.

Back 6

the nose , nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs themself...

Front 7

alveoli

Back 7

a group of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs where gas exchange occurs within microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Front 8

the right and left lung are enclosed by a set of membranes called

Back 8

pluera

Front 9

What muscle groups are involved in ventilation during rest? During exercise?

Back 9

during rest the diaphram does most of the work also helping is the Sternocliedomastoid, scalnes, external and internal intercoastals ,

at work internal intercoastals, external oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis.

Front 10

why is intraplueral pressure less than atmospheric pressure?

Back 10

it prevent the collapse of the fragile sacs in the lungs

Front 11

surfactant does what?

Back 11

lowers tge surface tension of the alveoli and thus prevents there collapse

Front 12

movement of air from the enviorment to the lungs is called pulmonary ventilation and occurs via a process called

Back 12

bulk flow...

Front 13

Bulf flow refers to the

Back 13

movement of molecules along a passageway due to a pressure difference between the two ends of the passageway...

Front 14

Airflow =

Back 14

P1-P2/resistance

Front 15

atmospheric pressure=

Back 15

760 mm Hg

Front 16

Visceral pleura

– Parietal pleura

– Intrapleural space

Back 16

On outer surface of lung

Lines the thoracic wall

Intrapleural pressure is lower than atmospheric
– Prevents collapse of alveoli

Front 17

Conducting zone

Back 17

Conducting zone
Conducts air to respiratory Humidifies, warms, and filters air

Components: – Trachea
– Bronchial tree – Bronchioles

Front 18

Respiratory zone

Back 18

Exchange of gases between air and blood
Components:
– Respiratory bronchioles
– AlveolarDUCTS/ AND sacs

Front 19

Anatomically, the pulmonary system consists of a group ????

Back 19

of passages that filter air and transport it into the lungs where gas exchange occurs within tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Front 20

Do respiratory muscles fatigue during exercise?

Back 20

Current evidence suggests that respiratory muscles do fatigue during exercise Prolonged (>120 minutes) High-intensity (90–100% VO2 max)

Front 21

Do respiratory muscle adapt to training

Back 21

yes

Increased oxidative capacity improves respiratory muscle endurance

Reduced work of breathing

Front 22

Exercise-induced asthma

Asthma results in bronchospasm

Back 22

– During or immediately following exercise – May impair exercise performance

Narrowing of airways  Increased work of breathing  Shortness of breath (dyspnea)

Front 23

Exercise and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

Back 23

Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)
– Increased airway resistance  Due to constant airway narrowing
– Decreased expiratory airflow
Includes two lung diseases:
– Chronic bronchitis  Excessive mucus blocks airways
– Emphysema  Airway collapse and increased resistance
Increased work of breathing
– Leads to shortness of breath
– May interfere with exercise and activities of daily
living

Front 24

The major muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm. Air enters the pulmonary system due to intrapulmonary pressure being reduced below atmospheric pressure (bulk flow).

Back 24

At rest, expiration is passive. However, during exercise, expiration becomes active, using muscles located in the abdominal wall (e.g., rectus abdominis and internal oblique).

Front 25

what subscripts are used to denote
T=
D=
A=
I=
E=

Back 25

T=Tidal
D= dead space
A=Alveolar
I= inspired
E=Expired

Front 26

– Tidal volume (VT)

Alveolar ventilation (VA)

Back 26

Amount of air moved per breath

Volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone

Front 27

the amount of gas ventilated per minute is the product of the frequency of breathing(f) and the amount of gas moved per breath is

Back 27

Tidal volume V = VT x f

Front 28

Dead-space ventilation (VD)

Back 28

Volume of air remaining in conducting airways V = VA + VD

Front 29

The amount of gas moved per minute is .

Back 29

the product of tidal volume times breathing frequency.

Front 30

Pulmonary ventilation refers to

Back 30

the amount of gas moved into and out of the lungs.

Front 31

Vital capacity (VC)
–

Back 31

– Maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

Front 32

Residual volume (RV)
–

Back 32

– Volume of gas remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

Front 33

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Back 33

– Amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration.

Front 34

Vital capacity

Back 34

typical value 500ml/

ampunt of air exhaled in one brerath during quiet breathing

Front 35

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Back 35

typical value 3000 ml

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

Front 36

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

Back 36

1,200ml
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

Front 37

residual volume RV

Back 37

amount of air remaning in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount of air that can never be voluntarily exhaled

Front 38

Carbon dioxide is transported in blood three forms

Back 38

(1) dissolved CO2 (10% of CO2 is transported in this way), (2) CO2 bound to hemoglobin (called carbamino- hemoglobin; about 20% of blood CO2 is transported via this form), and (3) bicarbonate (70% of CO2 found in the blood is transported as bicarbonate [HCO3␣]).

Front 39

perfussion

Back 39

blood flow to alveoli

Front 40

Does the Pulmonary System Limit Exercise Performance?

Back 40

NO....
Low-to-moderate intensity exercise
␣ Pulmonary system not seen as a limitation
Maximal exercise
␣ Historically not thought to be a limitation in healthy individuals at sea level
␣ New evidence that respiratory muscle fatigue does occur during high intensity exercise (>90% VO2 max)
␣ May be limiting in elite endurance athletes ␣ 40␣50% experience hypoxemia

Front 41

Discuss the factors that influence the rate of diffusion across the blood-gas interface in the lung.

Back 41

gas moves across the blood interface in the lung due to simple diffusion.

Front 42

flicks law:

Back 42

the volume of gas theat moves across a tissue is proportional to the area for diffussion and the difference in partial pressure across the membrane, and is inversly proportional to the membrane thickness.

Front 43

Daltons Law

Back 43

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressure that each pressure would exert independtly.

Front 44

What is the functional significance of the shape of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve? What factors affect the shape of the curve?

Back 44

Direction of reaction depends on:
PO2 of the blood
Affinity between Hemoglobin and O2

Front 45

oxyhemoglobin

Back 45

the binding of O2 to hemoglobin

Front 46

deoxyhemoglobin

Back 46

hemoglobin that is not bound to O2

Front 47

At the lung
High PO2 = formation of

Low PO2 = release of O2 to tissues

Back 47

oxyhemoglobin
At the tissues

of O2 to tissue

Front 48

discuss Effects of pH,

Back 48

PHDecreased pH lowers Hb-O2 affinity
resultd in a rightward shift of the curve..

Front 49

effects ofTemperature, Dissociation Curve

Back 49

increased blood temperature lowers Hb-O2 affinity ␣ results in rightward shift of curve

Front 50

2␣3 DPG on the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve

Back 50

␣ Byproduct of RBC glycolysis

may shift During altitude exposure ␣ Not a major cause of rightward shift during exercise

Front 51

the strength of the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is weakened

and results in

Back 51

by a decrease in blood PH(increased acidity),

increased unloading of of O2 to the tissues...

Front 52

Bohr Effect

Back 52

this is represented by a "right" shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve

Front 53

O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A__________in PH results in a _____ward curve

Back 53

decrease

right

Front 54

O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve A________in temp results in a ______ward shift in the curve, while a _______in blood temp reults in a _______ward shift in the curve

Back 54

increase, right ward

decrease
leftward

Front 55

Discuss the modes of transportation for CO2 in the blood

Back 55

Dissolved in plasma (10%) Bound to Hb (20%) Bicarbonate (70%)

Front 56

CO2 Transport in Blood

At the tissue:

Back 56

H+ binds to Hb

HCO3␣ diffuses out of RBC into plasma

Cl␣ diffuses into RBC (chloride shift)

Front 57

CO2 Transport in Blood

At the lung:

Back 57

O2 binds to Hb (drives off H+)

Reaction reverses to release CO2

Front 58

What happens to ventilation if the exercise is prolonged and performed in a hot/humid environment? Why?

Back 58

ventilation is greater during exercise in a hot humid environment when compared to a cool enviorment, there is little difference in arterial PCO2 between the two types of exercise.

Front 59

What factor(s) might explain the ventilatory threshold?

Back 59

incremental exercise results in a linear increase In V(e)up to 50%-70% of O2 max; at higher work rates, ventilation begins to rise exponentially . also known as ventilation threshold

Front 60

hypoxemia

Back 60

low PO2

Front 61

A.)List and identify the functions of the chemoreceptors that contribute to the control of breathing

Back 61

At rest , Contraction and relaxation of these respitory muscles are directly controlled by somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord.

Front 62

B)List and identify the functions of the chemoreceptors that contribute to the control of breathing

Back 62

Humoral
central
Peripheral

Front 63

Central Chemoreceptors

Back 63

located in the Medulla, and are affected by changes in PCO2 or H+ of the cerbrospinal fluid. An increase in either PCO2 or H+ of the CSF results in sending afferent input to the respitory center

Front 64

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Back 64

located in aortic arch at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, the receptors are called aortic bodies

Front 65

Medulla Oblongata

Back 65

respiratory controll center...

Front 66

The pulmonary system ___ ___ limit exercise performance in healthy ______ subjects during prolonged submaximal exercise (e.g., work rates <90% VO2 max).

Back 66

does not

young

Front 67

In contrast to submaximal exercise, new evidence indicates that the respiratory system (i.e., respiratory muscle fatigue) may be a_______in exercise performance at work rates >___VO2 max. Further, incomplete pulmonary gas exchange may occur in some elite athletes and limit exercise performance at _________ ______ _______...

Back 67

limiting factor

>90%

high exercise intensities.