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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Health Behaviour |
Activity people perform to maintain or improve health regardless of health status or if goal is achieved |
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Types of Health Behaviours |
Well behaviour: activity to maintain or improve current good health and avoid illness Symptom-Based Behaviour: activity ill people do to determine problem and find remedy Sick-Role Behaviour: activity people do to treat or adjust to health problem after deciding that they are ill and what illness is
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Well, symptom-base, sick-role |
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Successful modification of health behaviours can |
Reduce death due to lifestyle Delay time of death Expand years of life free from chronic disease |
3 outcomes |
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Health promotion overview |
Good health is personal and collective achievement Health promotion more successful and less costly than disease prevention |
2 main ideas |
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3 things to know about health behaviours |
1. Health habits stable but do change over time 2. Protective behaviours not strongly related to one another 3. Protective behaviours not governed by single set of response tendencies or attitudes |
Stability of and how habits and protective behaviours are related |
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Factors influencing health behaviours |
Interpersonal factor: whether people around you perform and encourage behaviours (ex. Enablers) Community factor: whether community encourages behaviours Socual, personality, and emotional factors: conscientiousness, neuroticism, stress, perception, beliefs, cognition |
Interpersonal, personality, community |
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Barriers to modifying poor health behaviours |
Not knowing when to intervene Instability of health habits Health behaviours elicited and maintained differently for different peopld |
3 barriers |
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Social influence on health behaviours |
Social opinion may motivate good or bad behaviours (ex. Peer pressure) Health habits strongly affected by early socialization
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Peer pressure, social norms |
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Interventions with at-risk people |
Children and adolescents vulnerable; may have genetic risk or precursors Benefits: effective and efficient, easier to identify other risks Problems: may not perceive risk correctly, causes worry and restrictive behaviour Ethical issues: when is it appropriate? May not be successful, may be defensive, may complicate family dynamics |
Who is at risk? Benefits, problems, ethical issues |
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Application of attitude research to health |
1. Colorful and vivid (not technical) 2. Communicated by reliable source 3. Strong arguments at beginning and end 4. Short, clear, direct 5. Explicit conclusions 6. Not too extreme 7. (Illness detection behaviours) emphasize problems that may arise 8. Approach orientation: stress benefits; Avoidance orientation: stress risks 9. If receptive, includes only favourable points; if not, discuss both sidez |
9 generalizations to improve efficacy |
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Attitude Change and Health Behaviours |
Fear appeals: change behaviour due to fear of consequences Too much fear, audience pushed into denial or repression Must change intentions and give information and strategies May not perceive accurately or be defensive |
Fear; info and strategies |
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Health-Belief Model |
Likelihood someone will perform health behaviour depends on 2 assessments: 1. Person perceives personal health threat 2. Person believes behaviour will be effective Model predicts habits well |
Likelihood of behaviours depends on 2 assessments |
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Health-Belief Model: influencing factors |
General health values Specific beliefs about personal vulnerability Beliefs about consequences of disorder |
3 factors involving personal belief |
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Health Behaviour Model: will behaviour reduce threat? |
Depends on: If they think behaviour will be effective If benefits outweigh the cost |
Effectiveness and cost |
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Theory of Planned Behaviour |
3 judgements determine persons intention to perform behaviour 1. Attitude towards action (personal belief about outcome) 2. Subjective norms regarding action (what others think) 3. Behavioural control (ability to perform and get indented effect) |
3 judgements on if behaviour should be performed |
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Limitations on attitude change approaches |
1. Do not explain spontaneous or long-term change 2. Can be met with defensiveness or minimizing (threat, vulnerability) 3. Complacency 4. Change intention but not enough info/skill to change 5. Each health habit has specific social, psycho, and cultural context |
5 limitations |
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Efforts to prevent illness |
Behavioural influence: providing info and demonstrating techniques on health action (brushing and flossing) Environmental measures: surrounding environment promotes health (flouride in public water supplies) Preventative medical efforts: procedures to prevent further damage (seeing dentist for cavity fills) |
Behaviour, environment, preventative medical efforts |
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Primary prevention |
Actions to avoid disease or injury |
Seat belts, public reminders to use seat belts |
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Secondary prevention |
Actions taken to identify and treat illness or injury aiming to stop or reverse problem |
Symptom-based behaviour; ex. seeking medical care |
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Tertiary prevention |
Actions taken to contain or retard disease related damage, prevent recurrence or worsening, and rehabilitate patient |
Ex. Amputating toe to prevent further infection |
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Social engineering |
Modifying environment to affect peoples ability to practice health behaviour |
Ex. Banning drugs |
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Factors influencing health behaviour |
Learning (reinforcement, extinction, punishment) Psychosocial factors: social relationships, personality, emotional state, perception and cognition |
Learning, psychosocial factors |
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Stages of Change Model |
People currently in one stage show diff psychosocial characteristics from people in other stages |
Diff stages show diff characteristics |
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Trans-theoretical model of behaviour |
Recognizing what stage people are in and can move around within stages across time Mixed success |
Stages |
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Trans-theoretical model of behaviour change: stages |
Pre-contemplation: no intention of changing Comtemplation: aware of problem, not committed Preparation: intendngo change but not started Action: commits time and an energy to change Maintenance: worknto ptecent relapse |
5 stages |
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Cancer-related health behaviours: breast cancer |
Breast cancer levels high (especially over ate 40) Early detection with mammograms improves survival greatly Convince women through providing info (brochures, counseling, mail), changing attitudes, theory of planned behaviour |
Mammograms |
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Cancer-related health behaviours: colorectal cancer |
Second highest cause of cancerous deaths Screening is distinctive (polyps instead of malignancies) Participation predicted by self efficacy, perceived benefits, physicians recommendations, lack of barriers |
Colorectal screening |
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Cancer-related health behaviours: skin cancer |
4 fold increase after age 30 Increased 155% in last 20 yrs Among most preventable cancers Problem with sunscreen use: tans are desirable, young adults esp. concerned about appearance |
Sunscreen |
