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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The peripheral nervous system includes the a. somatic nervous system. b. brain. c. spinal cord. d. nuclei. e. all of the above. |
A. Somatic nervous system |
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The part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands is the a. somatic nervous system. b. autonomic nervous system. c. skeletal division. d. sensory division. |
B. ANS |
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3. Neurons have cytoplasmic extensions that connect one neuron to another neuron. Given these structures: 1. axon 2. dendrite 3. dendritic spine 4. presynaptic terminal Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order they are found between two neurons. a. 1,4,2,3 b. 1,4,3,2 c. 4,1,2,3 d. 4,1,3,2 e. 4,3,2,1 |
B. 1,4,3,2 |
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A neuron with many short dendrites and a single long axon is a neuron. a. multipolar b. unipolar c. bipolar |
A. Multipolar |
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Motor neurons and interneurons are neurons. a. unipolar b. bipolar c. multipolar d. afferent |
C. Multipolar |
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Cells found in the choroid plexuses that secrete cerebrospinal fluid are a. astrocytes. b. microglia. c. ependymal cells. d. oligodendrocytes. e. Schwann cells. |
B. Ependymal cells |
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Neuroglia that are phagocytic within the central nervous system are a. oligodendrocytes. b. microglia. c. ependymal cells. d. astrocytes. e. Schwann cells. |
B. Miroglia |
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Unmyelianted axon within nerves is associated with |
Schwann cell |
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Action potential are conducted more rapidly |
Along axons that have nodes of Ranvier |
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Ganglia |
Clusters of nerve cell bodies within the PNS |
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Gray matter contain primarily of |
Neuron cell bodies |
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Concerning concentration difference across the plasma membrane, there are a. more K and Na outside the cell than inside. b. more K and Na inside the cell than outside. c. more K outside the cell than inside and more Na inside the cell than outside. d. more K inside the cell than outside and more Na outside the cell than inside. |
D. More K+ inside the cell than outside and more Na+ outside |
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Compare to the inside of the Resting plasma membrane , the outside surface of the membrane is |
Positively charged |
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Non-gated ion channels are responsible for |
Ion permeability fo the resting membrane potential |
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The resting membrane potential results when the tendency for ——— to diffuse out of the cell is balanced by their attraction to opposite charges inside the cell |
K+ |
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If the permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ increases, the resting membrane potential—————-. This is called__________. |
Increases, hyperpolarization |
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Decreasing the extracurricular concentration of K+ affects the resting membrane potential by causing |
Hyperpolarization |
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Hyperpolarization |
Membrane potential becomes more negative |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Local potential |
- spread over the plasma membrane in decremental fashion - are not propagated for long distance - are graded -can summate |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Local potential |
- spread over the plasma membrane in decremental fashion - are not propagated for long distance - are graded -can summate |
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During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of the membrane |
To Na+ is greatly increased |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Local potential |
- spread over the plasma membrane in decremental fashion - are not propagated for long distance - are graded -can summate |
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During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of the membrane |
To Na+ is greatly increased |
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During the redepolarization of the plasma membrane |
K+ diffuse out of the cell |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Local potential |
- spread over the plasma membrane in decremental fashion - are not propagated for long distance - are graded -can summate |
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During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of the membrane |
To Na+ is greatly increased |
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During the redepolarization of the plasma membrane |
K+ diffuse out of the cell |
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The absolute refractory period |
- limits how many AP can be produced during a given period of time - prevents an AP from starting another AP at the same point on the plasma membrane |
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Ion movement through the plasma membrane |
- Movement of Na+ out of the cell requires ATP - When Ca2+ binds to proteins in ion channels, the diffusion of Na+ into the cell is inhibited - There are specific open channels that regulate the diffusion of Na+ through the plasma membrane |
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Major function of the sodium- potassium exchange pump |
Maintain the concentration gradients of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane |
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Local potential |
- spread over the plasma membrane in decremental fashion - are not propagated for long distance - are graded -can summate |
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During the depolarization phase of an action potential, the permeability of the membrane |
To Na+ is greatly increased |
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During the redepolarization of the plasma membrane |
K+ diffuse out of the cell |
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The absolute refractory period |
- limits how many AP can be produced during a given period of time - prevents an AP from starting another AP at the same point on the plasma membrane |
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Subthreshold stimulus |
Produces a local potential |
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Axon |
Neurotransmitters substances are stored in vesicles that are located in specialized portion of the |
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Axon |
Neurotransmitters substances are stored in vesicles that are located in specialized portion of the |
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In a Chemical synapse |
- AP in the presyanptic terminal causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channel to open - NTS can cause ligand-gated Na+ channel to open - NTs can be broken down my enzymes -NTs can be taken up by the presynaptic terminal |
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An inhibitory presynaptic neuron can affect a postsynaptic neuron by |
- producing an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron - hyperpolarizing the plasma membrane fo the postsynaptic neuron - causing K+ to diffuse out of the postsynaptic neuron - causing Cl- to diffuse into the postsynaptic neuron |
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Summation |
- is the caused by combination of two or more local potential - occurs at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron - results in an AP when 2 AP arrive in close succession at a single presynaptic terminal |
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Summation |
- is the caused by combination of two or more local potential - occurs at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron - results in an AP when 2 AP arrive in close succession at a single presynaptic terminal |
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In convergent pathway |
The response of the postsynaptic neuron depends of the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs |
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Electrical synapses is |
Gap junctions in which tubular proteins called connexon allows local current to move between cells |
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Electrical synapses is |
Gap junctions in which tubular proteins called connexon allows local current to move between cells |
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Presynaptic inhibition does |
Decreases NTs release |
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Presynaptic facilitation does |
Increases NTs release |
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Neuromodulators (does what?) |
Influences the likelihood that a AP in a presynaptic terminal will result in a AP in the postsynaptic cell |
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Neuromodulators (does what?) |
Influences the likelihood that a AP in a presynaptic terminal will result in a AP in the postsynaptic cell |
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Presynaptic terminal- |
Enlarged area on the axon, containing synaptic vesicles |
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Postsynaptic membrane |
Contains receptors for NT |
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Postsynaptic membrane |
Contains receptors for NT |
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Synaptic cleft- |
Space that separates the presynaptic cleft and bind to the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Postsynaptic membrane |
Contains receptors for NT |
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Synaptic cleft- |
Space that separates the presynaptic cleft and bind to the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Convergent pathway have |
Many neuron synapsing with a few neuron |
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Postsynaptic membrane |
Contains receptors for NT |
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Synaptic cleft- |
Space that separates the presynaptic cleft and bind to the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Convergent pathway have |
Many neuron synapsing with a few neuron |
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Divergent pathway have |
Few neuron synapsing with many neuron |
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Postsynaptic membrane |
Contains receptors for NT |
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Synaptic cleft- |
Space that separates the presynaptic cleft and bind to the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane |
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Convergent pathway have |
Many neuron synapsing with a few neuron |
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Divergent pathway have |
Few neuron synapsing with many neuron |
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Oscillating Circuits have |
collateral branches of postsynaptic neurons synapsing with presynaptic neuron |
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- Potential difference- |
electric charge different across the plasma membrane |
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- Potential difference- |
electric charge different across the plasma membrane |
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- Resting membrane potential- |
potential difference across the plasma membrane |
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- Potential difference- |
electric charge different across the plasma membrane |
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- Resting membrane potential- |
potential difference across the plasma membrane |
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- Local potential |
change in resting membrane potential when a stimulus is applied at one location of the plasma membrane |
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- Threshold level |
when a local potential causes depolarization of the plasma membrane to a level |
