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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Each year from age 2 through 6, the typical child gains about:
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4 lbs
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By age 6, the average child in a developed nation weighs about _______ pounds and is ______ inches tall.
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46; 46
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When many ethnic groups live together in a nation with abundant food and adequate medical care, children of ________ descent tend to be tallest.
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African
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The appetite of a typical 2- to 6-year-old:
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decreases
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The 2-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
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75
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The process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron is:
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myelination
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The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:
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lateralization
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Emotional and creative impulses are controlled by what half of the brain?
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right.
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An undeveloped prefrontal cortex is responsible for:
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impulsiveness
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The amygdala is part of the_____ system?
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limbic
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The part of the limbic system that produces hormones is the:
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hypothalamus.
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An example of a fine motor skill is:
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pouring juice into a glass.
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The most common cause of death in childhood is:
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violence.
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Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of ___________ prevention.
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secondary
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Tertiary prevention begins _____ an injury.
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after
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Failing to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs is the definition of:
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child neglect.
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Physical abuse and neglect are more likely to be experienced by children who have:
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an unemployed or absent father.
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Which of the following is a sign of maltreatment?
a. close friendships b. fantasy play dominated by violent themes c. perfect attendance at school d. expressions of joy upon seeing the caregiver |
b. fantasy play dominated by violent themes
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Which of the following is an example of secondary prevention of child maltreatment?
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home visits by a social worker
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A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes their foster parent is:
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kinship care.
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Each year from age 2 through 6, the typical child adds almost ____ inch(es) to his or her height.
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3
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A typical 6-year-old:
a. weighs between 40 and 50 pounds. b. is at least 3½ feet tall. c. looks lean, not chubby. d. all of these answers are correct. |
d. all of these answers are correct.
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In the United States, which ethnicity has the highest childhood obesity rate?
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Hispanic
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Between the ages of 2 and 6, it is normal for:
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appetite to decrease.
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The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:
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iron, zinc, and calcium.
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When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting:
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“just right” or “just so” phenomenon.
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The 5-year-old brain weighs ________ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
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90
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The _________ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.
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corpus callosum
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The prefrontal cortex is involved in:
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planning and goal-directed behavior.
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Logical reasoning is controlled by which half of the brain?
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left half.
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What does the developmental term “perseveration” refer to?
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tendency to stick to one thought or action.
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Which of the following is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions?
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limbic system
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Which of the following is a central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations?
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hippocampus
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An example of a gross motor skill is:
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pumping a swing
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What is the most common fatal disease for 1- to 4-year-old children?
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cancer
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What is the most effective overall level of prevention?
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primary
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Deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being is the definition of:
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child abuse.
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Which of the following is a form of child neglect?
a. refusing to buy the child’s favorite foods b. strict bedtimes on school nights c. failing to send a child to school d. no television after 9 PM |
c. failing to send a child to school
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With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
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more isolated.
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A goal of permanency planning in cases of substantiated child maltreatment is to:
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avoid repeated changes of caregiver and school.
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What is Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?
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preoperational intelligence
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According to Piaget, early childhood is a time when:
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thinking is magical and self-centered.
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Four-year-old Jalonny grasps that Jerome is her father but cannot grasp that Jerome is also her grandmother’s son. In this way, she is demonstrating:
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centration.
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A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a child ignores all attributes that are not apparent is:
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focus on appearance.
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As water is poured from a tall and thin container into a short and fat one, the preoperational child is likely to say that the there is now less water because the child is focusing only on how high the water is. This tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation is what Piaget referred to as:
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centration.
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young child’s belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is:
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animism.
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Vygotsky proposed that every aspect of a child’s cognitive development:
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is embedded in a social context.
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Vygotsky’s term for the skills that a person can experience only with assistance, not yet independently, is:
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zone of proximal development.
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The __________ function of speech occurs during both formal instruction and casual conversation.
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social mediation
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According to theory-theory:
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children want explanations of various things.
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According to cognitive theory, when children ask “why” questions they typically revolve around:
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human behavior.
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That other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one’s own describes:
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theory of mind.
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The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:
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fast-mapping.
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A tendency for a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:
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overregularization.
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For most people, pronunciation of a second language is particularly hard to master after age:
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6.
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In 1990, approximately ______ percent of 5-year-olds in the United States were enrolled in a pre-primary program (preschool).
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90
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Child-centered programs stress:
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children’s development and growth.
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Which child-centered approach to early childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?
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Reggio Emilia
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In the United States, the most widespread early childhood education program is:
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Project Head Start.
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A key finding from research on early childhood education programs is:
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quality matters most.
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Piaget’s second of four stages of cognition is:
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preoperational intelligence.
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According to Piaget, children cannot think “operationally” before age 6 or 7. That is, children cannot:
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figure out logical ideas.
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A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:
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egocentrism.
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Piaget’s principle that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its appearance is called:
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conservation.
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Five-year-old Jada looks up at the clouds in the sky and asks, “Mommy, where are the Care Bears?” This is an example of:
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animism.
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Vygotsky’s term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society is:
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apprentice in thinking.
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Which Vygotsky term refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities aimed at helping him or her master a new skill?
a. zone of proximal development b. social mediation c. apprentice in training d. scaffolding |
d. scaffolding.
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The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves is:
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private speech.
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
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theory-theory.
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According the text, what is the leading cognitive accomplishment of early childhood?
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languadge.
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The term for a time when a certain developmental task is most easily and readily accomplished is:
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a sensitive period.
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The average child knows about ___________ words at age 2 and more than ___________ at age 6.
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500: 10,000
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Jessica’s husband works on car engines as a hobby. Jessica often fails to figure out exactly what a particular part is but gets the general idea of what it does and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of:
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fast-mapping.
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A young child who states that “butter is made by butterflies” and “birds grow birdseed,” is trying to use:
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logic.
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Instead of saying “feet,” 4-year-old Jasper says “foots.” This error is best described as an example of:
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overregulation.
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The term _________ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
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balanced bilingual
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Child-centered programs recognize that children learn from one another, with adult guidance. This is most consistent with the views of:
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Vygotsky.
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Montessori schools emphasize:
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individual pride and accomplishment.
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Teacher-directed programs emphasize:
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preparation for school.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quality early childhood care?
a. a low child/adult ratio b. minimal distraction c. trained staff d. teacher-directed |
b. minimal distraction.
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Children who master ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions.
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emotional regulation
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Erik Erikson’s third developmental stage during which self-esteem emerges is called:
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initiative vs guilt.
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The drive to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person is:
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intrinsic motivation.
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An example of an externalizing problem is_________ and an example of an internalizing problem is ______________.
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attacking other people; excessive guilt
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The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing, but not mutual or reciprocal, is:
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associative.
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Four-year-old Grace pretends to be Cinderella. She is engaging in:
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sociodramatic play.
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Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is:
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Baumrind.
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What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment?
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authoritarian
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On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend ________ daily exposed to electronic media.
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3-5 hours
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________ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and ________ is the feelings of anger, distrust, and dislike toward another person.
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empathy; antipathy
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Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are:
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prosocial.
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Which type of aggression is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim’s friendships?
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relational aggression.
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Physical punishment, such as slapping and spanking, is used more on children ages ______ than on children of any other age group.
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2 to 6
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Gail says to her son, “After all the cooking and cleaning I’ve done for you and you are not considerate enough to pick up your toys! Mommy is not going to love you if you don’t pick up your toys.” This discipline technique is:
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psychological control.
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A common disciplinary technique in which parents talk with their child, getting the child to understand why his or her behavior is wrong, is referred to as:
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induction.
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Biological differences between males and females are referred to as:
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sex differences.
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Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development occur between 3 and 6 years old?
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phallic
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Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother’s exclusive love. He called this:
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the Oedipus complex.
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Which theory asserts that gender roles are learned and that they are a result of nurture rather than nature?
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behaviorism.
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Females seem to be genetically inclined to talk earlier than boys do, and girls, as a result of evolutionary development, also tend to use more responsive language than boys do. Which theory would support this statement?
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epigenetic theory.
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The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as:
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emotional regulation.
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Erikson called the negative consequence of his third developmental stage:
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guilt.
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A musician who plays for the delight of making music has an:
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intrinsic motivation.
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When a child feels excessive guilt, shame, or worthlessness, he or she is:
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internalizing problems.
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Which type of play appears first in Parten’s progression of social play?
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solitary
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Sociodramatic play allows children to:
a. explore and rehearse social roles. b. practice regulating their emotions. c. develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context. d. all of these answers are correct. |
d. all of these answers are correct.
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Researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in four important dimensions of rearing children. Which of the following is one of those dimensions?
a. access to resources b. expressions of warmth c. sense of humor d. expectations for intelligence |
b. expressions of warmth
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Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as:
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permissive.
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According to research, children of all ages who watch violence on television:
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become more violent themselves.
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Which one of the following terms refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person?
a. antipathy b. sympathy c. empathy d. antisocial |
c. empathy
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Antisocial behavior involves:
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actions that are deliberately harmful.
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Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is likely demonstrating:
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bullying aggression.
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Longitudinal research has found that children who are physically punished:
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are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults
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A discipline technique in which a child will sit in a chair apart from others for one minute per year of the child’s age is:
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time-out.
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According to the text, gender differences involve:
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the various roles of males and females prescribed by the culture.
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An attempt to defend one’s self-concept by taking on the behaviors and attitudes of someone else is:
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identification.
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If a 4-year-old girl states, “When I grow up, I’m going to marry Daddy,” according to Freud, this is:
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the Electra complex.
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Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on children’s understanding?
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cognitive theory.
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A balance of traditionally masculine and feminine characteristics within a person is called:
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androgeny.
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Which of the following theories emphasize the impact that biology has on gender-based behavior?
a. sociocultural theory and psychoanalytic theory b. psychoanalytic theory and epigenetic theory c. cognitive theory and sociocultural theory d. behaviorism and epigenetic theory |
b. psychoanalytic theory and epigenetic theory
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