Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the four main classes of large biological molecules? Which class does not consist of polymers? |
The four main classes are proteins. carbohydrates, lipids. and nucleic acids. Lipids are not polymers. |
|
|
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is ten monomers long? |
9 molecules. One water molecule required to hydrolyze each connected pair of monomers. |
|
|
Suppose you eat a serving of vegetable protein. What reactions must occur for the amino acid monomers in the protein to be converted to new proteins in your body? |
hydrolysis reaction must occur for amino acid monomers to be released from the vegetable protein and then they will be reconstructed to form new proteins. |
|
|
Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three C. |
C3H6O3 |
|
|
A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for maltose? |
C12H22O11 |
|
|
After a cow is given antibiotics to treat an infection, a vet gives the animal a drink of "gut culture" containing various prokaryotes. Why is this necessary? |
Antibiotic treatment is likely to have killed the cellulose-digesting prokaryotes in the cow's stomach. The absence of these prokeryotes would hamper the cow's ability to obtain energy from food and could lead to weight loss and possibly death. Thus, prokaryotic species are reintroduced, in appropriate combinations, in the gut culture given to treated cows. |
|
|
Compare the structure of a fat (triglyceride) with that of a phospholipid. |
A fat is composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol, whereas a phospholipid has 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group |
|
|
Why are human sex hormones considered lipids? |
human sex hormones are steroids, a type of hydrophobic compound |
|
|
Why does a denatured protein no longer function normally? |
fucntion of a protein depends on its specific shape, which is lost when it becomes denatured. |
|
|
What parts of a polypeptide participate in the bonds that hold together secondary structure Tertiary structure? |
secondary structure involves hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure involves interactions between atoms of the side chains of the amino acid subunits |
|
|
Where would you expect a polypeptide region that is rich in the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to be located in the folded polypeptide? Explain. |
these are nonpolar amino acids, so you would expect this region to be located in the interior of the folded polypeptide, where it would not contact the aqueous environment inside the cell |
|
|
In a DNA double helix, a region along one DNA strand has this sequence of nitrogenous bases: 5'-TAGGCCT-3'. Copy this sequence, and write down its complementary strand, clearly indicating the 5' and 3' ends of the complementary strand. |
3'-ATCCGGA-5' |
|
|
What is the fundamental basis for the differences between carbonhydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids? |
they are polymers built from different monomers. Carbohydrates from monosaccharides, proteins from amino acids, and nucleic acids from nucleotides |
|
|
Compare the composition, structure, and function of starch and cellulose. What role do starch and cellulose play in the human body? |
both are polymers of glucose. Glucose monomers are in the alpha configuration in starch and beta config. In cellulose. Glycosidic linkages thus have different geometries, giving the polymers different shapes and thus different properties. Startch is an energy-storage compound in plants; cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls. Humans can hydrolyze starch to provide energy but cannot hydrolyze cellulose. Cellulose aids in the passage of food through the digestive tract |
|
|
Why are lipids not considered to be macromolecules or polymers? |
lipids are not polymers because they do not exsit as a chain of linked monomers. They are not considered macromolecules because they do not reach the giant size of many polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Proteins are the most structurally and fucntionally diverse class of biological molecules. Explain the basis for this diversity. |
polypeptide may consist of hundreds of amino acids in a specific sequence (primary structure), regions of coils and pleats (secondary), folded into irregular contortions (tertiary) and may be noncovalently associated with other polypeptides (quaternary). Linear order of amino acids with varying properties of their side chains (R groups) determines what secondary and tertiary structures will form to produce a protein. resulting unique 3D shapes of proteins are key to their specific and diverse functions |
|
|
What role does complementary base pairing play in the functions of nucleic acids? |
complementary base pairing of two strands of DNA makes possible the precise replication of DNA every time a cell divides, ensuring that genetic information is faithfully transmitted. In some types of RNA, complementary base pairing enables RNA molecules to assume specific 3D shapes that facilitate diverse functions |
