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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The basic structural unit of all plants and animals. Amembrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus.
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Cell
Cells are specialized to carry out all of the bodys basic functions |
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Name one of the 3 elements of the cell
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1.Cell Membrane
2.Cytoplasm 3.Organelles |
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The outer covering of a cell
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Cell membrane
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What is another name for a cell membrane?
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Plasma membrane
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Able to allow some but not all substances to pass through.
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Semipermeable
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The thick fluid or protoplasm that fills a cell
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Cytoplasm
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Structures that perform specific functions within a cell
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Organelles
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The organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material
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Nucleus
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In the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surounded by what?
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A membrane
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesis what?
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Protiens
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in the synthesis of what?
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Lipids
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Sometimes called the powerhouses of the cells?
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Mitochondria
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A high energy compound present in all cells especially muscle cells; when split by enzyme action it yields energy.
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Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) |
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A structure of protien filaments that supports the internal structure of the cell
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Cytoskeleton
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Granular structures that manufacture protiens
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Ribosomes
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Play a role in transferring and storing secretions from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex
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Vesicles
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Moves fluid across cell surfaces
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Cilia
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Moves cells through the surrounding extracellular fluid
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Flagella
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Name 1 of the 5 structural Hierarchy's of the body. Try to name all 5.
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1.Cells
2.Tissues 3.Organs 4.Organ systems 5.Organism |
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Name 1 of the 7 major functions of cells. Try to name all 7.
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1.Movement
2.Conductivity 3.Metabolic absorption 4.Secretion 5.Excretion 6.Respiration 7.Reproduction |
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A group of cells that perform a similar function.
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Tissue
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Name 1 of the 4 basic types of tissue. Try to name all 4
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1.Epithelial tissue
2.Muscle tissue 3.Connective tissue 4.Nerve tissue |
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The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues.
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Epithelial tissue
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What is 1 example of epithelial tissue?
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1.Skin
2.mucous memberane 3.Lining of the intestinal tract Above is not a complete list |
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Tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated
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Muscle tissue
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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1.Cardiac
2.Skeltal 3.Smooth |
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What type of muscle is under involuntary or unconscious control?
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Smooth
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The most abundant body tissue; It provides support, connection, and insulation
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Connective tissue
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What is an example of connective tissue?
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1.Bone
2.Cartilage 3.Fat 4.Blood This is not a complete list |
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Tissue that transmits electrical implulses throughout the body
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Nerve tissue
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A group of tissues functioning together
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Organ
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What is an example of an organ?
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1.Heart
2.Liver 3.Brian 4.Ovary 5.Eye This is not a complete list |
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A group of organs that work together
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Organ system
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Give 1 example of an organ system
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Examples could include: the cardiovascular system (formed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood) or the gastrointestinal system (comprising of the mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum, and anus) See page 177 for further
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Name 1 of the 10 organ systems
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1.Cardiovascular
2.Respitory 3.Gastrointestinal 4.Genitourinary 5.Reproductive 6.Nervous 7.Endocrine 8.Lymphatic 9.Muscular 10.Skeletal |
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The sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being
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Organism
Examples: the human organism, a bacterial organism |
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Click here for a key point
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The failure of any component of an organism from the cellular level to the organ system level can result in a serious medical emergency
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The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment
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Homeostasis
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The structure of an organism; Body structure
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Anatomy
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The functions of an organism; The physical and chemical process of a living thing
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Physiology
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The total changes that take place during physiological process
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Metabolism
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A type of gland that secretes hormones directly into the circulatory system where they travel to the target organ or tissue.
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Endocrine glands
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A type of gland that secretes substances such as sweat and saliva ect onto the epithelial surfaces of the body via ducts
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Exocrine glands
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Effect of a disease throughout the body is?
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Systemic
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Effect of a disease at the site of the illness or injury is?
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Local
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In the world of receptors this type of receptor responds to chemical stimuli?
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Chemoreceptors
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In the world of receptors this type of receptor ressponds to pressure changes?
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Baroreceptors
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Body mechanism that works to reverse, or compensate for, a pthophysiological process (or to reverse any physiological process whether pathological or nonpathological)
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Negative feedback loop
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The study of disease and it causes
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Pathology
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The physiology of disordered function
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Pathophysiology
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What does the prefix "Patho" mean
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Disease
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The study of how diseases alter or result from an alteration in the normal physiological processes of the human body
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Pathophysiology
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Name 1 of the 5 types of cellular adapttions
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1.Atrophy
2.Hypertrophy 3.Hyperplasia 4.Metaplasia 5.Dysplasia |
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A decrease in cell size resulting from a decreased workload
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Atrophy
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An increase in cell size resulting from an increased workload
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Hypertrophy
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Enlargement. In reference to the heart, an abnormal enlargement resulting from pathology
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Dilation
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An increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased workload.
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Hyperplasia
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Cell division with division of the nucleus
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Mitosis
each daughter cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell. |
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Replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue
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Metaplasia
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A change in cell size, shape, or appearance caused by an external stressor
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Dysplasia
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Name 1 of the 7 forms of cellular injury
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1.Hypoxia
2.Chemicals 3.Infectious agents 4.Inflmmatory reactions 5.Physical agents 6.Nutritional factors 7.Genetic factors |
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Oxygen dficiency
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Hypoxia
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A blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells
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Ischemia
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A microorganism capable of producing infection or disease
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Pathogen
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The constructive phase of metabolism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy
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Anabolism
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The destructive phase of metabloism in which cells break down complex substances into simpler substances with release of energy
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Catabolism
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Swelling of a cell caused by injury to or change in permeability of the cell memberane with resulting inability to maintain stable intra-and extracellular fluid and electrolyte levels
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Cellular swelling
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A result of cellular injury and swelling in which lipids (fat vesicles) invade the area of injury; occurs most commonly in the liver
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Fatty change
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response in which an injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself; one way the body rids itself of damaged and dead cells.
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Apoptosis
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Cell death; a pathological cell change.
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Necrosis
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Name 1 of the 4 types of necrotic cell change.
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1.coagulative
2.liquefactive 3.Caseous 4.Fatty |
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In this type of necrosis the transparent viscous albumin of the cell becomes firm and opaque
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Coagulative necrosis
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In this type of necrosis the cells become liquid and contained in walled cysts. This is common in the ischemic death of neurons and brain cells.
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Liquefactive necrosis
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In this type of necrosis incompletely digested cells take on a cottage cheese like consistancy. Common in tubercular lung infection
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Caseous necrosis
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In this type of necrosis fatty acids combine with calcium, sodium, and magnesium ions to create soaps (a process called soaponification) The dead tissue is opaque and white
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Fatty necrosis
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Tissue death over a wide area
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Gangrenous necrosis
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coagulative necrosis that turns affects the skin turning it dry, shrunken, and black
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Dry gangrene
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Liquefactive necrosis that usually affects internal organs
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Wet gangrene
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This is the result of a bacterial infection of injured tissue, generating gas bubbles in the cells.
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Gas gangrene
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The total amount of water in the body at any given time
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Total body water
(TBW) |
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The fluid inside the body cells
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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The fluid outiside the body cells.
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Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extracellular fluid is comprised of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid |
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The fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma
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Intravascular fluid
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The fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system
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Interstitial fluid
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A substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution
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Solvent
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Click here for a key point
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Water is the universal solvent. Water is crucial to virtually all the body's biochemical processes
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Normal tension in a cell the resistance of the skin to deformation.
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Turgor
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The presence or retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid
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Overhydration
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A substance that in water, separates into electrically charged particles
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Electrolyte
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Separate; break down.
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Dissociate
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A charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons
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Ion
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An ion with a positive charge
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Cation
so called becuase it will be attracted to a cathode, or negative pole |
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An ion with a negitive charge
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Anion
so called becuase it will be attracted to an anode or positive pole |
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A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions
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Buffer
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Equal in concentation of solute molecules
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Isotonic
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having a greater concentration of solute molecules
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Hypertonic
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having a lesser concentration of solute molecules
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Hypotonic
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The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane
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Osmotic gradient
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The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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Diffusion
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The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane
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Osmosis
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Click here for a key point
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Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of higher
WATER concentration to an area of lesser WATER concentration: Because water is a solvent, it moves from an area of lower SOLUTE to an area of higher SOLUTE concentration....WATER FOLLOWS SALT!! |
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Movement of a substance through a cell memberane against the osmotic gradient:from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion
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Active transport
Opposite of the osmotic gradient (that is toward the side that already has more of the substance) |
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Diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper" or carrier protien
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Facilitated diffusion
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The concentration of solute per kilogram of water.
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Osmolality
See also Osmolarity on page 195 (refrenced in one of the upcoming flashcards) |
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The concentration of solute per liter of water
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Osmolarity
See also Osmolality on page 195 (often used synonymously with osmolality) |
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The presure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a memberane that if hepertonic tends to "pull" water from the other side of the membrane
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Osmotic pressure
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A form of osmotic presure excerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma.
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Oncotic Force
In the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial spce across the capillary membrane into the capillary. |
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Oncotic force is sometimes refered to as what?
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Colloid osmotic pressure
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Blood presure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat.
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Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space |
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Movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space
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Filtration
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The total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space.
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Net filtration
Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary for a net filtration of zero. |
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Excess fluid in the interstitial space
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Edema
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Click here for a key point
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Edema is not only a sign of underlying disease. Edema itself causes problems. Edema of the brain, lung, heart, or larynx may be life threatiening
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Click here for a key point
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Little can be done to treat edema in the prehospital setting except elevation of edematous limbs.
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Click here for a content review
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Blood Components
1.Liquid portion (plasma) 2.Formed elements (blood |
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The liquid part of the blood
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Plasma
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Red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin, which transports oxygen to the cells
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Erythrocytes
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White blood cells, which play a key role in the immune system and inflammatory
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leukocytes
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Platelets, which are important in blood clotting
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Thrombocytes
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An iron-based compound that binds with oxygen and transports it to the cells
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Hemoglobin
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The percentage of the blood occupied by erythrocytes
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Hematocrit
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Intravenous fluids that have the capability to transport oxygen and are compatible with all blood types
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Hemoglobin Based Oxygen-Carrying Solutions (HBOC's)
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Substances, such as proteins or starches, consisting of large molecules or molecule aggregates that disperse everly within a liquid without forming a true solution.
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Colloids
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A protein commonly present in plant and animal tissues. In the blood, albumin works to maintain the blood volume and blood pressure, which prevents plasma less from the capillaries
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Albumin
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Substances capable of crystallization. In solution, unlike colloids, they can diffuse through a membrane, such as a capillary wall
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Crystalloids
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Solute concentration or osmotic pressure relative to the blood plasma or body cells
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Tonicity
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Click here for a key point
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The three most commonly used fluids in prehospital care are lactated ringers, normal sline, and D5W
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Abbreviation for potential of hydrogen.
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PH
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A measure of relative acidity or alkalinity
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PH
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What is a normal PH range
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7.35 to 7.45
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Anything below 7.35 ph is considered
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Acidic
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Anything above 7.45 ph is considered
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Alkaline
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A high concentration of Hydrogen isons;A ph below 7.35
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Acidosis
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A low concentration of hydrogen ions; a ph above 7.45
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Alkalosis
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Name 1 of the three methods of Hydrogen Ion removal
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1.Bicarbonate buffer system
2.Respiration 3.kidney function |
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Anything with a ph between 7.35 to 7.45 is considered
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Neutral
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What is 1 of the 4 Acid base derangements
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1.Respiratory acidosis
2.Respiratory alkalosis 3.Metabolic acidosis 4.Metabolic alkalosis |
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Acidity caused by abnormal retention of carbon dioxide resulting from impaired ventilation
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Respiratory Acidosis
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Alkalinity caused by excessive elimination of carbon dioxide resulting from increased respirations
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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Acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism or from causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes, or medication
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate
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Metabolic Alkolosis
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An agent that increases urine secretion and elimination of body water
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Diuretic
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Click here for a key point
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Every human cell contains 46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father results in the total of 46 chromosomes |
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Causative Analysis of Disease (Clinical factors) are
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1.Host
2.Agent 3.Environment see page 208 for more info |
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Causative Analysis of Disease
(Epidemiological factors) are |
1.Incidence
2.Prevalence 3.Mortality see page 208 for more info |
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Click here for a key point
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Many disease processes have a genetic cause
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Click here for a key point
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All body cells require a constant supply of oxygen and other nutrients
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The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries
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Perfusion
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Inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
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Hypoperfusion
Also refered to as "shock" |
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Another term for hypoperfusion
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Shock
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The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction
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Stroke volume
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The amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole (when the heart fills with blood between contractions)
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Preload
In cardiac physiology, defined as the tension of cardiac muscle fiber at the end of diastole. |
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Click here for a key point
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The venous system is a capacitance or storage system
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The strength of a contraction of the heart
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Cardiac contractile force
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that strongly affect the nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle
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Catecholamines
Page 214 |
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Click here for a key point
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Catecholamines enhance cardiac contractile strength by action on the beta-adrenergic receptors on the surface of the cells
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The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood
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Afterload
In cardiac physiology defined as the tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction) |
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The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
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Cardiac output
(computed as stroke volume x heart rate) |
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The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood increased when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax
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Peripheral vascular resistance
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Three components of the circulatory system are:
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1.the pump (heart)
2.the fluid (blood) 3.the container (blood vessels) |
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Peptide hormones synthesized by the heart, brain, and other organs with effects that include excretion of large amounts of sodium in the urine and dilation of the blood vessels.
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Natriuretic peptides (NPs)
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What are the two major functions of perfusion
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1.Oxygen transport
2.Waste removal |
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What does PCo2 stand for
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Partial pressure of oxygen
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The following is a set of conditions known as what?
1.Adequate concentration of inspired oxygen 2.Appropriate movement of oxygen across the alveolar/capillary membrane into the arterial bloodstream 3.Adequate number of red blood cells to carry the oxygen 4.Proper tissue perfusion 5.Efficient off loading of oxygen at the tissue level |
The Flick principle
see page 218 |
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Review the content review on Physiological classifications of shcok
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Click here to continue
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The second stage of metabloism, requiring the presence of oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process called the Krebs or citric acid cycle) yeilds a high amount of energy
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Aerobic metabolism
Aerobic means with oxygen |
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The first stage of metabloism, which does not require oxygen, in which the breakdown of glucose (in a process called glycolsis) produces pyruvic acid and yields very little energy
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Anaerobic metabloism
Anaerobic means without oxygen |
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Click here for a key point
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Cellular death will ultimately lead to tissue death, death to organ failure and organ failure to death of the individual
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The three stages of shock are
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1.Compensated
2.Decompensated (progressive) 3.Irreversible |
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Early stage of shock during which the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion
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Compensated shock
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Advanced stages of shock when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain normal perfusion
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Decompensated shock
Also called "Progressive shock" |
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Shock that has progressed so far that no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable
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Irreversible shock
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What is one type of Shock?
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1.Cardiogenic
2.Hpovolemic 3.Neurogenic 4.Anaphylactic 5.Septic |
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shock caused by insufficient cardiac output; the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body.
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cardiogenic shock
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shock caused by a loss of intravascular fluid volume.
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hypovolemic shock
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greatly increased urination and dehydration due to high levels of glucose that cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules, causing a loss of water into the urine.
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osmotic diuresis
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shock resulting from brain or spinal cord injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, diliation, and relative hypovolemia.
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neurogenic shock
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a life-threatening allergic reaction.
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anaphylaxis also called anaphylatic shock
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sock that develops as a result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems.
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septic shock
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progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflamatory response to a severe illness or injury.
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multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
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State the Progression to MODS
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Infection
Sepsis Septic Shock MODS Death (if not corrected early) |
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Name the five infectious agents
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1. Bacteria
2. viruses 3. Fungi 4. Parasites 5. Prions |
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single cell organisms with a cell membrane and cytoplasm but no organized nucleus. They bind the cells of a host organism to obtain food and support.
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bacteria (singular bacterium)
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substances that destroy or inhibit microorganisms, tiny living bodies invisible to the naked eye.
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antibiotics
antibiotic means "destructive to life" |
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toxic (poisonous) substances secreted by bacterial cells during their growth.
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exotoxins
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molecules in the walls of certain Gram-negative bacteria that are releaased when the bactrium dies or is destroyed, causing toxic (poisonous) effects on the host body.
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endotoxins
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the systemic spread of toxins through the bloodstream.
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septicemia
also called sepsis. |
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an organism much smaller than a bactrium, visible only under an electron microscope.
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Virus
Virsuses invade adn live inside the cells of organism they infect. |
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Anatomic barriers.
Inflammatory response Immune response |
Three Lines of Defense
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a marker on the surface of a cell that idenifies it as "self: or "non-self."
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antigen
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a substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to he presence of a foreign antigen that will combine with and control or destroy the antigen, thus preventing infection.
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antibody
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the body's reactions that inactivate or eliminate foreign antigens.
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Immune response
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a long-term condition of protection from infection or disease.
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Immunity
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Name one of the three Immune Classifications.
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Natural vs. Acquired
Primary vs. Secondary Humoral vs. Cell Mediated |
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protectionfrom infection or disease that is (1) developed by the body after exposure to an antigen ( active acquired immunity) or (2) transferred to the person from an outside force such as from the lother through the placenta or as a serum ( passive acquired immunity).
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acquired immunity
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antibodies; protiens, produced in response to foreign antigens, that destroy or control the antigens,
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immunoglobulins
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the initial develpopment of antibodies i response to the first exposure to an antigen in which the immune system becomes "primed" to produce a faster, stronger response to any future exposures,
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primary immune response
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the swift, strong response of the immune system to repeated exposures to an antigen.
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secondary immune response
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a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell, that attacks foreign substances as part of the body's immune response.
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lymphocyte
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the type of white blood cells that , in response to the presence of an antigen, produce antibodies that attack the antien, develop a memory for the antigen, and confer long-term immunity to the antigen.
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B lymphocytes
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the long term immunity to an antigen provided by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes.
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humoral immunity
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the type of white blood cel that does not prouce antibodies but, instead, attacks antigens directly.
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T lymphocytes
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the short term immunity to an antigenprovided by T lymphocytes, which directly attak the antigen but do not produce antibodies or memory for the antigen.
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cell-mediated immunity
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antigens taht are able to trigger and immune response.
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immunogens
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molecules that do not trigger an immune response on their own but can become immunogenic when combined with larger molecules
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Haptens
Page 242 |
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Antigens the body recognizes as self or non-self; present on all body cells except the red blood cells
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HLA antigens
Page 243 |
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A group of genes on chromosome 6 that provide the genetic code for HLA antigens
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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A group of antigens discovered on the red blood cells of rheus monkeys that is also present to some extent in humans
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Rh blood group
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An antigen in the rh blood group that is also known as antigen D.
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Rh factor
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What percentage of north americans have the rh factor
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85 percent
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What percentage of north americans do not have the rh factor
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15 percent
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Click here for a key point
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Rh positive and rh negitive blood are incompatible and a severe immune response can occur; this can also occur through a transfusion or childbirth mother to infant
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Four blood groups formed by the presence or absence of two antigens known as A and B.
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ABO Blood groups
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What type of blood qualifies as a universal donor?
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Type O
This type has no antigens to trigger an immune response |
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Known as universal recipients this blood type have both type of antigens and will not produce antibodies in response to any other blood group
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Type AB blood
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Undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow from which all blood cells, including thrombocytes, erythrocytes, and various types of leukocytes, develop
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Stem cells
Stem cells are also called hemocytoblasts |
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The development by B lymphocyte precursors in the bone marrow, of receptors for every possible type of antigen
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Clonal selection
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Cells produced by mature B lymphoctes that "remember" the activating antigen and will trigger a stronger and swifter immune response if reexposure to the antigen occurs
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Memory cells
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Click here for a key point
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Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells in response to antigenic stimulation
Page 245 |
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The substance formed when an antibody combines with an antigen to deactivaate or destroy it
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Antigen-antibody complex
Also called immune complex |
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What is 1 of the 4 functions of antibodies?
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1.Neutralization of Bacterial toxins
2.Neutralization of viruses 3.Opsonization of bacteria 4.Activation of inflamatory processes Page 247 |
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Name 1 of the 5 classes of Immunoglobulins
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1.IgM-produced 1st
2.IgG-has memory 3.IgA-Involved in secretory immune responses 4.IgE-Involved in allergic reactions 5.IgD-low concentrations Page 248 |
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Name 1 of the Human Antibody classifications
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1.Isotypic ( same with same speicies)
2. Allotypic (differ between members of same species) 3.Idiopathic (differ within same individual) |
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an antibody that is very pure and specific to a single antigen.
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monoclonal antibody
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lymphoid tissues beneath the mucosal endothelium that secrete substances such as swet, tears,saiva, mucus aand breast milk; also called the external immune system or the mucosal immune system.
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secretory immune system
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Name one of the five types of Mature T cells
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1. Memory cells
2. Td cells-delayed hypersensivity 3. Tc cells- cytotoxic 4. Th cells-helpers 5. Ts cells-supressors |
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an alergic response taht takes place after the elapse of some time following reexposure to an antigen.
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delayed hypersensitivity
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toxic, or poisoous, to cells
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cytotoxic
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proteins, produced by white blood cells, that regulate immune responses by binding with and affecting the function of the cells that produced them or of other, nearby cells.
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cytokines
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a cytokine released by a macrophage.
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monokine
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a cytokine released by a lymhocyte.
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lymphocyte
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the recognition, ingestion, and breakdown of a foreign antigen, culminating in production of an antibody to the antigen or in a direct cytotoxic response to the antigen,
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antigen processing
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a cytokine by a macrophage.
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monokine
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a cytokine released by a lymphocyte.
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lymphokine
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the reognition, ingestion, and breakdown of a foreign antigen, culminating in production of an antibody to the antigen or in a dirrect cytotoxic response to the antigen.
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antigen processing
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cells, such as macrophages, that present (express onto their surfaces) portions of the antigens they have digested.
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antigen-presenting ells (APCs)
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a molecule on the surface of a helper T cell that respondds to a specific antigen. There is a specific TCR for every antigen to which the human bidy may be exposed;
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T cell receptor (TCR)
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the body's response to cellular injury; also called the inflamatory response. In contrast to the immune response,inflammation develops swiftly, is nonspecific ( attacks all unwanted substances in the same way), and is temporary, leading to healing.
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inflammation
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Name one of the four functions of Inflamation
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1.Destroy and remove unwanted substances.
2.Wall off the infected and inflamed area. 3. Stimulate the immune response. 4. Promote healing. |
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large cells, resembling bags of granules, that reside near blood vessels. When stimulated by injury, chemicals, or allergic responses, they activate the inflammatory response by degranulation ( emptying their granules into the extracellular environment) and synthesis (construction of leukotrienes and prostaglandins).
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mast cells
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Name one of the two Mast cell functions
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1. Degranulation
2. Synthesis |
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the emptying of granules from the interior of a amst cell into the extracellular environment.
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degranulation
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a substance released during the degranulation of mast cells and also released by basophils that, throughconstriction and dialation of blood vessels, increases blood flow to the injury site adn also increases the permeability of vessel walls.
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histamine
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a substance released by platelets that through constriction and dialation of blood vessels, affects blood flow to an injured or affected site.
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serotonin
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chemicals that attract white cells to the site of Inflammation, a process called chemotaxis.
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chemotactic factors
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also called slow-reacting substances of anphaylaxis (SRS-A); substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability and chemotaxis.
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lekotrienes
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substances synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemnotaxis and alo cuse pain.
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prostaglandins
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complex sequences of acions triggered by proteins present in the blood. For ea=xample, immunoglobulins (antibodies) are plasma proteins, Three plasma protein systems involved in inflammation are the complement system, the coagulation system, and the kinin system.
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plasma protein systems
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Name two parts o the Plasma Protein Systems
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1. In immune response:
immimunoglobulins 2. In inflammatory response: Complement system Cooagulation system Kinin system |
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A series of actions triggered by a first action and culminating in a final action
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Cascade
Typical of th eactions caused by plasma proteins involved in the complement, coagulation, and kinn systems. |
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A group of plasma proteins that are dormant in the blood until activated, as by antigen-antibody complex formation, by products released by bacteria, or by components of other plasma protein systems.
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Complement system
When activated, the complement system is involved in most of the events of inflamatory response Page 258 |
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A plasma protien system, also called the clotting system, that results in formation of a protien called fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off an infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding and serves as a foundatiion for repair and healing of a wound
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Coagulation system
Page 258 |
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A plasma protein system that produces bradykinin, a substance that works with prostaglandins to cause pain. It also has actions similar to those of histamine (vasodilation, and bronchospasm, increased permeability of the blood vessels, and chemotaxis) but acts more slowly than histamine, thus being more important during later stages of inflamation.
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Kinin system
Page 260 |
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Substances that penetrate vessel walls to move into the surrounding tissues
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Exudate
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Name the 3 events involved in the sequence of events in Inflamation
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1.Vascular response
2.Incressed permability 3.Exudation of white cells Page 261 |
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Adherence of white cells to vessel walls in the early stages of inflamation
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Margination
Page 261 |
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Movement of white cells out of blood vessels through gaps in the vessel walls that are created when inflammatory processes cause the vessel walls to constrict
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Diapedesis
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White cells with multiple nuclei that have the appearance of a bag of granules
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Granulocytes
Also called polymorphonuclear cells. Some types of Granulocytes are Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
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White cells with a single nucleus; the largest normal blood cells.
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Monocytes
During inflamation monocytes mature and grow to several times thier origional size becoming macrophages Page 262 |
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cells that have the ability to ingest other cells and substances, such as bacteria and cell debris. All granulocytes and momcytes are phagocytes.
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phagocytes
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granular white blood cells) the moat numerous of the white blood cell) that are readily attracted to the site of inflammation where they quickly attack and phagocyose bacteria and other undesirable subtances.
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neutrophils
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large white blood cells (matured monocytes) that will ingest and destroy or partially destry invading organisms.
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macrophages
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granular white blood cells that attack parasites and also help to control and limit the inflammatory response.
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eosinophils
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granular white blood cells that, similaryly to mast cells, release histamine and other chemicals that control constriction and dilatipn of blood vessels during inflammation.
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basophils
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fragments of cytoplasm that circulate in the blood and work with components of the coagulation system to promote blood clotting. Platelets also release serotonin, a vascoconstrictive substance,
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platelets
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cells that secrete collagen, a critical factor in wound healing.
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fibroblasts
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a liquid mixture of dead blood cells, bits of dead tissu, and tissue fluid that may accumulate in inflamed tissues.
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pus
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a tumor or growth that forms when foreign bodies that cannot be destroyed by macrophages are surrounded and walled off.
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granuloma
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Name one outcome of healing.
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1. Resolution-complete restoration of normal structure.
2. Repair- scar formation |
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The complete healing of a wound and return of tissues to their normal structure and function
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Resolution
The ending of inflammation with no scar formation |
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Regrowth through cell proliferation
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Regeneration
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Healing of a wound with scar formation
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Repair
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The cleaning up or removal of debris, dead cells, and scabs from a wound, principally through phagocytosis
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Debridement
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Simple healing of a minor wound without granulation or pus formation
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Primary intention
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Complex healing of a larger wound involving sealing of the wound through scab formation, granulation or filling of the wound, and constriction of the wound
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Secondary intention
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filling of a wound by the inward growth of healthy tissues from the wound edges
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Granulation
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Growth of epithelial cells under a scab, separating it from the wound and providing a protective covering for the healing wound
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Epithelialization
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Inward movement of wound edges during healing that eventually briings the wound edges together
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Contraction
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Continuing processes of wound reconstruction that may occur over a period of years after initial healing, as scar tissue is remodeled and strengthened
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Maturation
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An exaggerated and harmful immune response an umbrella term for allergy, autoimmunity, and isoimmunity.
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Hypersensitivity
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exaggerated immune response to an enivirommental antigen
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Allergy
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An immune response to self antigens which the body normally tolerates
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Autoimmunity
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An immune response to antigens from another member of the same species for example Rh reactions between a mother and infant or transplant rejections;
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Isoimmunity
Also called alloimmunity Page 268 |
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A swiftly occurring secondary hypersensitivity reaction ( one that occurs after reexposure to an antigen).
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Immediate hypersensitivity reaction
IMR's are ussually more severe than delayed reactions. The swiftest and most severe such reaction is anaphylaxis |
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A hypersensitivity reaction that takes place after the elapse of some time following reexposure to an antigen. reactions are usually less severe than immediate reactions.
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Delayed hypersensitivity
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are usually less severe than immediate reactions. Page 268 |
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Name 1 type of the 4 types Hypersensitivity reaction.
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1.Type I IgE reactions
2.Type II Tissue specific reactions 3.Type III Immune complex mediated reactions 4.Type IV Cell mediated reactions Page 268 |
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Name 1 of the 3 Hypersensitivity Targets
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1.Environmental antigens-targeting by allergic responses
2.Self antigens-Targeted by autoimmune responses 3.Other person's antigens-targeted by isoimmune responses |
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Name the two types of Immune Deficiency
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1.Congenital (inborn)
2.Acquired (after birth) |
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A group of signs, symptoms, and disorders that often develop as a consequence of HIV infection
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AIDS (Aquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
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A virus that breaks down the immune defenses, making the body vulnerable to a variety of infections and disorders.
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
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A state of physical or psychological arousal to stimulus
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Stress
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The stimulus or cause of stress
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Stressor
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A sequence of stress response stages:
1.Alarm stage 2.Resistance stage 3.Exhaustion stage What is this called? |
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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A chemical or physical disturbance in the cells or tissue fluid produced by a change in the external environment or within the body.
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Physiological stress
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Homeostasis, the tendency of the body to maintain a net constant composition although the components of the body's internal environment are always changing.
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Dynamic steady state
Page 276 |
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The continual synthesis and breakdown of body substances that results in the dynamic steady state.
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Turnover
Page 276 |
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The interactions of psychological, neurological,/endocrine, and immunological factors that contribute to alteration of the immune system as an outcome of a stress response that is not quickly resolved.
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Psychoneuroimmunological regulation
Page 277 |
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Changes within the body intiated by a stressor
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Stress response
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Name 1 of the 5 hormones produced in response to stress
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1.Catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
2.Cortisol 3.Beta endorphins 4.Growth hormone 5.Prolactin Page 278 |
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A steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and proteins and also has an anti-inflammatory effect
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Cortisol
Page 278 |
