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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main causes?
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1. Position of black americans 2. Build up of frustration 3. Albany campaign Failure 4. Birmingham itself |
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What are the 3 main consequences? |
1. End to segregation in Birmingham 2. Civil rights bill 3. White backlash |
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What was the Birmingham Campaign? |
Pivotal event in the civil rights movement which lead to important legal changes in the statue of Black americans |
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When did slavery end? |
1865 |
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What are the jim crow laws? |
Laws that made public places, schools and transport segregated so whites wouldn't mix with blacks |
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What was the KKK (Ku Klux Klan)? |
A group that planned and preformed violence on blacks eg. Lynching, bombing, murders, violating black homes and churches |
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When was the Plessy VS Ferguson case and what was it? |
In 1896, Legalised segregation (the 'Jim Crow Laws') on the grounds of "separate but equal" |
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What was the Brown VS Board case and why did the case happen? |
In 1954, the case was to prove that segregation was unconstitutional - not "separate but equal" as black students got spent $43.14 and whites got $98.15 at school |
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What happened in 1955? |
The murder of Emmett Till, who was beaten, shot and thrown in a river. Victim of violence of blacks. This was the spark that made 'passive' people want to take action. |
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What did blacks do because of the lack of progress? |
Made the SCLC which organised the Birmingham Campaign after being asked by Fred shuttles worth. Blacks were tired of injustice so began a protest in Birmingham for civil rights |
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Why were Blacks frustrated? |
Over the past 9 years, they have little progress when expectations had been raised eg. Brown VS Board case, Montgomery bus boycott, sit in, little rock, freedom riders. |
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What did blacks still have to go through? |
Discrimination and poverty after no change of 9 years of campaigning |
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Key aim of Birmingham campaign? |
National attention so they federal government had to get involved to force legal nationwide change and improvement to civil rights movement |
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What was the Albany Campaign? |
A short term cause of the Birmingham Campaign to help gain improvement of Black americans |
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Why wasn't the Albany Campaign a success? |
It lacked media attention from the restrained police reaction by Laurie Pritchett which made it a state problem not a federal problem |
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Why were people questioning MKL's non-violent protest? |
Because their hadn't been any major improvements using the non-violent protest so they believed it wasn't working |
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When was the new campaign announced? |
January 1963, MKL announced SCLC's new campaign in Birmingham to prove that non-violent protests could success with new and better planning. |
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What was the Albany campaign useful for? |
Learning from their mistakes for the new improved campaign |
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What was the image of Birmingham before the campaign? |
'Ruled by fear and hate' and was known for the strong hatred of desegregation and a police chief who had a strong pro-segregation belief |
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Why did they choose Birmingham? |
Because of the well known image and knew that if they succeed with desegregation in Birmingham then it would go national |
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Why did Bull Connor have a bad reputation even before Birmingham Campaign? |
The freedom rides in 1961 where he delayed the police to come to the scene so mobs would attack |
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Why did the SCLC want the federal government involved? |
They believe that the government would create laws against segregation and discrimination that all states would be forced to comply with |
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What did President JFK state after bull Connor attacked the school students? |
"It made me sick" |
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What was the immediate consequence? |
End to segregation in Birmingham |
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What happened on May 10th 1963? |
Businesses of Birmingham came to an agreement to desegregate and agreeing to hire blacks after struggling with the economic boycott. |
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What was MKL voted as? |
The top black leader after the success to blacks in Birmingham |
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What did the success of Birmingham do to blacks? |
A great boost of achievement and thrived to get better results. |
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What was the most significant consequence? |
President JFK announced he would put through a civil rights bill. |
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What did JFK asked congress? |
To create laws to end discrimination against blacks which was that the SCLC was aiming for. |
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What did the Birmingham success do the JFK? |
Gave strong evidence to why the civil rights bill was needed as he couldn't do anything before from not having enough evidence which could risk his job. |
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What happened to JFK after the civil rights bill was announced? |
Assassinated but his successor carried the bill on. |
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Why were their white backlash? |
Whites weren't happy with the progress of the civil rights movement and the federal government getting involved with the success of Birmingham. |
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Who was targeted the most by whites? |
SCLC leaders with violence |
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What happened on the 15th of September 1963? |
Sunday school bombing where 4 young girls died. Targeted as SCLC meetings were held there and was a traditional black church. |
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What happened to the Campaign HQ in Gaston motel? |
It was bombed by the KKK as well as MLK's brother's home. |
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What are the blacks going to struggle with? |
Acceptance in society by whites but creating laws was a major step forward. |
