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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sry Gene |
A gene on the Y-chromosome that triggers the release of sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of testees |
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Sry Protein |
Protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to develop into a testis |
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Down syndrome |
Disorder associated with presence of an extra chromosome 21/ resulting in disfigurement and mental retardation |
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Williams Syndrome |
neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, accompanied by preserved language and social skills |
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Autism |
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by (1) a reduced ability to interpret the emotions and intentions of others (2) a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication (3) a preoccupation with a single subject or activity |
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Punch Drunk Syndrome |
The dementia and cerebral scarring that results from repeated concussions |
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Meningiomas |
Tumors that grow between the meninges |
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Epileptic Aura |
Psychological symptoms that precede the onset of convulsions |
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Encephalitis |
inflammation associated with brain infection |
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Parkinson's disease |
movement disorder that is associated with degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway |
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Huntington's Disease |
A progressive terminal disorder of motor and intellectual function that is produced in adulthood by a dominant gene |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
Progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS |
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Concussion |
Disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head with no cerebral bleeding or obvious structural damage |
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Thrombuses |
Blockage of blood flow from a plug (a thrombus)at the site of its formations |
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Emboluses |
Blockage of blood flow in a smaller blood vessel by a plug that was formed by in a larger blood vessel and carried by the bloodstream to the smaller one |
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Alzheimer's Disease |
The major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss |
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Stroke |
Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
eating disorder that is characterized by a pathological fear of obesity and that results in health-threatening weightloss |
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Appetizer effect |
increase in hunger that is produced by the consumption of small of palatable food |
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Positive incentive value of food |
the anticipated pleasure associated with a particular action, such as taking a drug (or eating) |
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Bulimia Nervousa |
Eating disorder that is characterized by recurring cycles of fasting, bingeing, and purging without dangerous weight loss |
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Prader-willi syndrome |
neural developmental disorder that is characterized by insatiable appetite and exceptionally slow metabolism |
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Types of energy |
Lipids: Fats
Amino acids: The building blocks and breakdown products of proteins
Glucose: simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates; body's primary directly usable source of energy |
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Recuperation theories |
Theories based in the premise that being awake disturbs the bodys homeostasis and the function of sleep is to restore it |
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Adaptaion theories |
Theories of sleep based on the premise that sleep evolved to protect organisms from predation and accidents and to conserve their energy, rather than to fulfill some particular need |
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Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming |
theory that dream content reflects the cerebral cortex's inherent tendency to make sense of, and give form to, the random signals it receives form the brain stem during rem sleep |
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Hypersomnia |
Disorders characterized by excessive sleep or sleepiness |
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Sleep Apnea |
Condition in which in which sleep is repeatedly disturbed by momentary interruptions in breathing |
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Embryonic Stem Cells |
Neural plate cells are often referred to as embryonic stem cells, neural plate cells are limited to becoming one of the range of mature nervous system cells Ectoderm (outermost)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (innermost)
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Types of Neural Death |
Necrosis - Passive cell death Apoptosis - active cell death
Apoptosis is safer than necrosis – does not promote inflammation
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Types of tumors |
Meningioma's - encased in meninges Metastic - originate elsewhere, usually the lungs |
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Closed-head injuries |
Brain injuries due to blows that do not penetrate the skull – the brain collides with the skull Contrecoup injuries – contusions are often on the side of the brain opposite to the blow Contusions – closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system; hematoma (bruise) forms Concussions – when there is disturbance of consciousness following a blow to the head and no evidence of structural damage
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Types of Seizures |
Convulsions – motor seizures Grand mal - Loss of consciousness and equilibrium Petit mal - Not associated with convulsions A disruption of consciousness associated with a cessation of ongoing behavior
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The Set-Point Assumption
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Hunger is a response to an energy need; we eat to maintain an energy set point |
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Taste Humans prefers |
Sweet and fatty foods = high energy Salty = sodium-rich
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When People feel hungry |
We tend to feel hungry at meal time |
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Stages of sleep (and sleep waves) |
Four stages: Alpha Waves- eyes closed preparing to sleep k complex and sleep spindles - Delta waves |