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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define the nervous system |
Specialised network of cells in human body+ primary communications system what are |
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What are the 2 main functions in the nervous system? |
Collect + process + respond to info in environment Coordinate working of diff organs + cells in body |
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What 2 subsystems in the nervous systems divided into 2? |
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system |
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What is the central nervous system made up of? |
Brian and spinal cord |
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What is the function of the brain? |
Centre of all conscious awareness Brainstem connects brain +spinal cords Controls involuntary processes |
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What is the function of the spinal cord?What does the para para nervous system do |
Responsible for reflex actions Transfers messages to and from brain |
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What does the peripheral nervous system do? |
Transmits messages from central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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What is the perioheral nervous system subdivided into? |
Autonomic nervous system Semantic nervous system |
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What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
Governs vital functions in the body such as breathing |
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What is the autonomic nervous system subdivided into? |
Sympathetic division Parasympathetic |
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What does sympathetic division do? What does the parasympathetic nervous system do |
Involved in responses that prepare body for fight or flight |
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What does the parasympathetic do? |
Returns body back to normal resting state |
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What does the semantic nervous system do? |
Receives info from senses + transmits to nervous system |
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What is the semantic nervous system subdivided into? |
Sensory neuron Motor neuron |
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What is a sensory neuron? |
Carry info to spinal cord and brain |
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What is a motor neuron? |
Allows brain to control movement |
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Define endocrine system |
Made up of all body’s different hormones Regulates all biological processes Works along side nervous system to control vital functions Acts define hormonesslower than nervous system |
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Define hormones |
Secreted into bloodstream Affect any cellin body that has receptor for particular hormone |
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Where is the pituitary gland and what does it release? |
Located in brain Controls release of hormones from all other endocrine glands in the body |
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Where is the thyroid located and what does it produce? |
Located in throat Produces thyroxine that helps regulate body‘s metabolism |
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Where is the hippocampus and what hormone does it release? |
Located in brain Releases dopamine to regulate body temp + control appetite |
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What does the pancreas release? |
Insulin + glucagon to break down food |
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What hormone do the ovaries release? |
Oestrogen + progesterone to release eggs for fertilisation |
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What hormone do the testes release? |
Testosterone to produce sperm for reproduction |
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What hormones to the adrenals release? |
Adrenaline to kick in fight or flight |
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How does someone get a flight or fight response? |
ANS+ endocrine system work in parallel with each other When stressor perceived,hippocampus triggers activity in sympathetic branch of ANS ANS changes it’s a parasympathetic state Adrenaline triggers physiological changes in body—creates physiological arousal for fight or flight response Instant reaction as threat is detected Once threats past parasympathetic nervous system returns body to rest and state |
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How many neurons are in the human nervous system? |
100 billion |
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What percentage of neurons are located in the brain? |
80% |
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How do you neurons transmit signals? |
Chemically Electrically Provides nervous system with primary needs of communication |
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What are the three types of neurons? |
Motor neurons Sensory neurons Relay neurons |
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What does the cell body include? |
Nucleus Dendrites Axon Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Termina buttons |
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What is the function of the nucleus? |
Genetic material of a cell |
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What is the function of dendrites? |
Branch like Protrude from cell body +carry nerve impulses from neighbouring neurons towards cell body |
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What is the function of an axon? |
Carries impulses away from cell body |
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What is the function of the myelin sheath? |
Fatty layer that covers axon + protects it Speeds up electrical impulses |
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What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier? |
Speed up transmissions of impulse by forcing it to jump across gaps and axons |
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What is the function of the termina buttons?How do you neurons electrically transmit |
Communicate with the next neuron in chain across gap |
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How do you neurons electrically transmit? |
Neuron in resting state inside cell negatively charged compared outside Neuron becomes activated by stimulus inside cell becomes positively charged for a split second cause an action potential to occur Create electrical impulse that travels down axon towards end of neuron |
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How do neurons communicate with each other? |
Neural networks |
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Define synapse |
Each neuron separated from next by tiny gap |
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How do you neurons transmit? |
Electrically but signals between neurons transmitted chemically across synapse |
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Define presynpatic terminal |
Electrical impulses reaches end of neuron |
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What happens when presynpatic terminal occurs? |
Triggers release of neurotransmitters from tiny sacs |
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Define synaptic vesicles |
Neurotransmitters from tiny sacs |
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Define neurotransmitters |
Chemicals that diffuse across synapse to next neuron in chain |
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What happens once the neurotransmitter crosses a gap? |
Taken up by postsynpatic receptor site Chemical messages converted back into electrical impulse Process of transmission begins again Each neurotransmitter has own specific molecular structure that fits perfectly into post synaptic receptor site |
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Define parasympathetic |
Part of autonomic nervous system Restores body to normal functioning after arousal Responsible for day-to-day functioning of glands |
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What are the disadvantages of the flight or fight response? |
Gender bias-females adopt tend + befriend to danger TAYLOR 2000 Modern life rarely requires response Initial freeze response-GRAY 1988, first response is to avoid confrontation demonstrated by freeze response |
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What is the humanistic approach? |
Understands behaviour that emphasises importance of subjective experience and capacity of self-determination |
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What is Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs?What |
Suggested human needs play a role in behaviour Summarises needs all humans need to reach full potential |
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What is the order of Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs? |
Self actualisation Self-esteem Love and belonging Safety and security Physiological needs |
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What are examples of self actualisation? |
Mortality Creativity Acceptance |
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What is an example of self-esteem? |
Confidence Achievement Respect |
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What is an example of love and belonging? |
Friendship Family Intimacy |
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What is an example of safety and security? |
Health Property Employments |
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What is an example of physiological needs? |
Breathing Food Water |
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What does neurotransmitter serotonin cause? |
Inhibition in receiving neuron |
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Define free will |
Notion that humans can make choices not to determine bided biological forces |
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What does the humanistic approach assume? What are the humanistic therapies |
Humans are active agents who have ability to control own development |
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What are the humanistic therapies? |
Rogerian therapy Client centred therapy |
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What is Rogerian therapy? |
Have congruence between persons self concept and ideal self |
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Define congruence |
Self-concept an ideal self broadly match |
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What is the client centred therapy? |
Build self-esteem in every day life Unconditional positive regard |
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Define condition of worth |
Leads to poor self-esteem Parents places limit on their love for child |
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What are the techniques of investigating the brain? |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging- fMRI electroencephalogram-EEG Events related potentials-ERPs Post-mortem examinations |
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What is FMRI? |
To text changes in blood and oxygenation Produces 3-D image showing active parts of brain-must be involved in particular mental process When brain area is more active it’s consumes more oxygen and bloodflow directed to active area |
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What are the strengths of an FMRI? |
Doesn’t rely on radiation-safe Produces images with high spatial resolution |
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What does inhibition result in? |
Neuron to be more negatively charged Less likely to fire |
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What are the limitations of the FMRI? |
Expensive compared to other techniques Only captures clear image if person stay still Poor temporal resolution |
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What is an EEG? |
Measures electrical activity within brain via electrodes using skullcap Scam recording represents brain wave patterns generated from millions of neurons Diagnostic tool |
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What are the strengths of an EEG? |
High temporal resolution Can detect brain activity at resolution of single millisecond Contributed to understanding stages of sleep |
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What are the limitations of an EEG? |
Produces generalised signal from thousands of neurons Difficult to know exact source of neural activity Can’t distinguish activity of different but adjacent neurons |
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What is an ER? |
Leftovers when all extraneous brain activity from EEG recording is filtered out Statistical technique Types of brainwaves triggered by events |
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What are the strengths of an ERO? |
Use raw EEG data Good temporal resolution |
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What are the limitations of an ERP? |
Difficult to confirm finding studies Extraneous material must be completely eliminated Not always easy to achieve |
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What is a post-mortem examination? |
Analyse in persons brain following death Areas of brain examine to establish likely cause of disorder person suffered |
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What are the strengths of a post-mortem examination? |
Broca + Wernicle relied on post-mortem studies Improved medical knowledge Help generate hypothesis for further study |
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What are the limitations of a post-mortem examination? |
Raise ethical issues of consent from patient before death Observed damage in brain may not be linked to deficits but trauma |
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What does adrenaline cause? |
Excitation of a post synaptic neuron |
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Define localisation |
Specific area of brain associated with particular physical and psychological function |
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What is the brain divided into? |
Two hemispheres |
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Define lateralisation |
Dominance of one hemisphere of the brain for particular physical and psychological functions |
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What are the 3 concentric layers formed by the brain? |
Central core Limbic system Cerebellum |
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What is the function of the central core? |
Regulates most primitive and in voluntary behaviourist such as breathing Regulate eating + drinking+ endocrine system to maintain homoeostasis |
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What is the function of the limbic system? |
Controls emotions |
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What is the function of cerebellum? |
Regulates higher intellectual processes |
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What is the outer layer of the Cerebellum called? |
Cerebral cortex Grey- location of cell bodies Each of sensory system sends messages to and from cerebral cortex |
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What is the function of the broca? |
Responsible for converting thoughts into speech |
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What does the excitation of post synaptic neuron do? |
Increases positive charge More likely to fire |
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What is the function of the wernicke? |
Play is important role in understanding other people speech and produce and speech which makes sense |
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What does damage to both of these areas result in? |
Aphasia |
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What is aphasia? |
Inability to understand and produce speech |
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What is labelled? |
Back (Definition) |
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Define inhibition |
The mind is ability to tune out stimuli that are relevant to tasks at hand |
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Define excitation |
Electrical activity elicited in neuron or muscle cell in response to an external stimulus |
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Define summation |
Process that determines how frequently neuron will fire by combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals |
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What is the influence of excitatory and inhibitory in summation? |
If net effect on post synaptic neutron is inhibitory then post synaptic neutron less likely to fire If net effect = excitatory more likely to fire, momentarily inside of post synoptic neutron becomes positively charged. Once electrical impulse created travels down merino |
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Define sympathetic |
Parts of autonomic nervous system Responsible for reacting to stressful events + bodily arousal |
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Define plasticity |
Ability of brain to adapt and change |
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How is plasticity improved? |
Rehabilitation |
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How does plasticity work? |
Forms neurons next to damaged area and reconnect pathways Forms new circuits to resume lost functions in brain Destroyed areas of brain can learn to take over function |
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What is the goal of rehabilitation? |
Stimulate brain to reform lost circuits Must be environment where constantly challenged |
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Why do younger patients have a greater plasticity and capability for recovery? |
Remaining part of brain recognises it self control some function that missing part with |
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What is a form of plasticity? |
Functional recovery |
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Define functional recovery |
Physical injury or trauma |
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Is the therapy needed in functional recovery? |
Yes |
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Why do younger patients have a greater plasticity and capability for recovery? |
Remaining part of brain recognises it self control some function that missing part with |
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What age do people get up earlier? |
55 to 60 |
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And what age do you stop waking up later? |
Women-19.5 Men-21 |
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Define sleep wake cycle |
Natural brain controlled bodily rhythm that results in alternate period to sleep and wakefulness |
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What does the circadian clock regulate? |
Sleeping Feeding Hormone production Cell regeneration |
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What is the sleep hormone? |
Melatonin Produced in penal gland in brain Chemically causes drowsiness and lowers body temp |
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Where is this carcadian clock located? |
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus SNC |
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What is the SCN? |
Responsible for sending signals to other parts of the brain to regulate daily sleep Contains 20,000 small neurons |
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What are the advantages of circadian rhythm? |
Shiftwork been found to lead to desynchronisation of circadian rhythm Research support -Siffre |
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What are the disadvantages of the circadian rhythm? |
Exposure to artificial light-lack validity |
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Define endogenous pacemakers |
Internal body clock that regulated biological rhythms |
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What is a form of plasticity? |
Functional recovery |
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What is the suprachias magic nucleus (SCN)? |
Bundle of nerves so located in hypothalamus in each hemisphere Influential in circadian rhythms Nerve fibres connected to eye in optic chiasm on way to visual area of cerebral cortex Receives info about lights directly from the structure |
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What happens to the pineal gland at night? |
Increases production of melatonin |
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What are the advantages of the SCN? |
Research support-DECOURSEY Practical application |
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Define exogenous zeitgebers |
External factor in environment which reset biological clock |
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What are the two parts of the exogenous zeitgebers? |
Light Social cues |
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What can light do? |
Can reset bodies main endogenous pacemaker Indirect influence on hormones |
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What is the research support for light? |
Murphy 1998 Demonstrated light may be a detected by skin receptor sites on body even when same info isn’t received by eyes |
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What does social cues suggest? |
Infants-initial sleep wake cycle 6 weeks of age circadian rhythm starts |
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What does research suggest about social cues? |
Adapting to local times for eating and sleeping is affective way of entraining circadian rhythm and beat and jetlag when travelling long distances |
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What are the disadvantages of???? |
Influence of exogenous zeitgebers may be overstated Difficulty in isolating |
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Define functional recovery |
Physical injury or trauma Unaffected areas are sometimes able to adapt to damaged area |
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Define ultradian rhythms |
Period shorter than 24 hours E.G.sleep cycle |
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Define infradian rhythms |
Period longer than 24 hours E.G.menstrual cycle |
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How long is the menstrual cycle? |
28 days |
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When does ovulation occur? What increases once over elation occurs for potential fertilised egg for pregnancy |
When oestrogen is released |
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What increases once over relation occurs for potential fertilised egg for pregnancy? |
Progesterone |
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What does progesterone trigger? |
Uterus wall and lining to thicken |
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What is SAD an example of and what does it involve? |
Circannual rhythm Melatonin is created for longer period of time due to lack of light |
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What are the characteristics of SAD? |
Tired Agitated |
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How many stages of sleep are there? |
5 |
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What does the sleep cycle follow? |
Ultradian rhythm of 90 minutes where move between NREM sleep and REM sleep Each stage characterised by different level of brainwave activity through EEG recordings |
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Is the therapy needed in functional recovery? |
Yes |
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What happens in stages one and two? |
Light sleep Person easily woken Brain wave patterns starts to become slower and more rhythmic (alpha waves) becoming slower asleep becomes deeper (theta waves) |
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What happens in stages three and four? |
Delta waves which are slower have greater amplitude than earlier wave patterns Deep sleep and difficult to rouse someone |
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What happens in stage five? |
REM sleep Body paralysed gets brain activity speeds up Research suggests R.E.M. activity during sleep highly correlated with experience of dreaming |
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What does REM stand for? |
Rapid eye movement Fast and jerky activity of eyelids |
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What are the advantages of infradian rhythms and menstruation? |
Research support of animal studies |
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What happens in functional recovery? |
Brain able to rewire and recognise itself by forming new synaptic connections close to area of damage Secondary neural pathway is not typically used to carry out certain functions unmasked to enable functioning |
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What processes are supported by the number of structural changes? |
Axon sprouting Re-formation of blood vessels Recruitment of homologous areas on opposite hemispheres to do specific tasks |
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What is axon sprouting? |
New nerve endings grow and connect with undamaged areas |
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Define biological rhythm |
Distinct patterns of changes in body activity that conform to cyclical time periods Can be influenced by internal body clocks or external changes to environment |
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Define circadian rhythms? |
Type of biological rhythm that operate a long 24 hour cycle Regulates number of bodily processes such as sleep wake cycle and core body temp |
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What do circadian rhythms do? |
Help time Blood pressure Sleep patterns Alertness Mood |
