Biomed Basic Concepts

Front 1

Clinical significance of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

Back 1

Hypotonic gets h20 to cells, hypertonic gets h20 to blood.

Front 2

How is osmolarity regulated?

Back 2

By maintaining approximately equal numbers of particles on both sides of the membrane.

Front 3

Clinical significance of the osmotic diuretic, Mannitol?

Back 3

Helps us deal with water intoxication (cerebral edema, delirium, unconsciousness, hyperosmolar coma, death).

Front 4

What causes Diabetes Insipidus?

Back 4

ADH deficiency (too much pee)

Front 5

What can yield imperfect information regarding a person's ability to maintain a normal fluid balance status?

Back 5

Osmolarity.

Front 6

What does urine osmolarity tell us?

Back 6

Renal Function.

Front 7

What does serum osmolality tell us?

Back 7

Sodium, BUN, and blood glucose levels.

Front 8

How is osmolarity different than molarity?

Back 8

It measures moles of solute particles rather than moles of solute (some solutions can dissassociate in solution, others cannot).

Ex: 1M NaCl=2 Osmolar Solution (Na+ and Cl-)

Front 9

Osmoles of solute per kilogram of H20?

Back 9

Osmolality

Front 10

D5W

Back 10

5% glucose=5 grams of glucose/100mL=5 grams/dL

Front 11

Concentration expression

Back 11

%=100mL=1dL=0.1L and it's g/%

Ex: 10%=10grams/100mL

Front 12

Hypo, Eu, and Hyper

Back 12

Hypo= Not enough
Hyper= Too much
Eu/Iso= Just right

Front 13

Cation
Anion

Back 13

ion/electrolyte with positive charge

ion/electrolyte with negative charge

Front 14

Anion Gap Formula

Back 14

(Na+K) - (HCO3+Cl)

Front 15

Bicarb loss, mystery anions.

Back 15

Metabolic Acidosis

Front 16

Range of Anion Gap

Back 16

normal 10-12

Front 17

What are mystery anions?

Back 17

Anions that cannot be measured through blood tests.
(ex/ lactate, phosphate, sulfate, ketoacids, albumin)

Front 18

Why does the anion gap appear?

Back 18

When there are losses in bicarb without subsequently increasing Chloride, other anions step up to maintain electroneutrality.

Front 19

Decreased Bicarbonate related to?

Back 19

Acidosis

Front 20

Bicarb decreases, Chloride Increases

Back 20

Normal Anion Gap

Front 21

Hypoalbuminemia: Bicarb/Cl decreases in a....

Back 21

Low Anion Gap

Front 22

The charge that many solutes in the body has refers to?

Back 22

Equivalents (E) or Milliequivalents (mEq)

Front 23

The tendency of an ion to gain or loss an electron is formulated by...?

Back 23

mEq-mMol x valency

Front 24

The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (measured by a log scale)

Back 24

pH

Front 25

Formula to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution is?

Back 25

pH= -log [H+]

ex/ pH of 0.1 M HCl=1

Front 26

What is the relationship of bicarb and CO2 to the maintenance of pH?

Back 26

Acts as a buffer. Any substance that tries to make pH (HCO3/CO2) has to maintain a pH plasma between 7.35 and 7.45.

Front 27

What determines the impact of buffer pairs on pH?
(equation)

Back 27

Henderson-Hasselback

pH of HCO3/CO2=6.1 + log (24/1.2)
=6.1 + 1.3
=7.4

Front 28

Alterations in pH are described as?

Back 28

Metabolic (HCO3) or Respiratory (CO2)

Front 29

Metabolic Alkalosis (HCO3 increase) due to...

Back 29

Vomiting

Front 30

Metabolic Acidosis (HCO3 decrease) due to...

Back 30

Running hard (lactate-->metabolic acidosis)
Diabetes with Ketoacidosis (IDDM)

Front 31

Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 decrease) due to...

Back 31

Hyperventilation

Front 32

Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 increase) due to...

Back 32

Hypoventilation

Front 33

Alterations in pH effect which electrolytes?

Back 33

Hydrogen and Potassium

Front 34

Hyperglycemia resulting from metabolic acidosis results in what electron loss?

Back 34

Hypokalemia

Front 35

What treats Hypokalemia during metabolic acidosis?

Back 35

Insulin (by pulling K+ back into the cells)

Front 36

X-rays, UV therapy, Visible light, Radiation Therapy.

Back 36

Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR)

*different types of EMR=different physiological effects

Front 37

What are Carbohydrates?

Back 37

Chains of hydrated carbon.

Front 38

What are important Carbohydrates?

Back 38

Glucose (monosaccharide)
Fructose (Monosaccharide)
Sucrose (table sugar glucose/fructose) disaccharide
Lactose (milk sugar) Galactose + glucose disaccharide

Front 39

Carbohydrate Functions?

Back 39

Excess glucose stored as glycogen.
Balances storing excess glucose and breaking down glycogen
Hormonal controls: insulin, epinepherine, glucagon

Front 40

What is glycogenesis?

Back 40

Glycogen formation. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen.

Front 41

What is Glycogenolysis?

Back 41

Glycogen splitting. Glycogen break down into glucose to satisfy metabolic needs.

Front 42

Fuel reserves beyond 1-2 days worth of glycogen converts to?

Back 42

Fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue.

Front 43

Long term elevation of glucose (can have adverse effects)

Back 43

glucose toxicity

Front 44

What is glycosolation/glycatation?

Back 44

When glucose sticks to proteins and changes their function-this is bad because proteins have several other jobs to do!

Front 45

What is the HbA1C test?

Back 45

Glycosylated hemoglobin Measures the elevation over baselining diabets and can give average blood glucose level covering 90-120 days (based on RBC lifespan).

Front 46

Relation of amino acids to proteins?

Back 46

Amino Acids are the building blocks to make proteins.
20 are naturally made.

Front 47

How are amino acids classified?

Back 47

Essential (from diet)
Non-essential (made by the body)

Front 48

Gluconeogenic can be metabolized into?

Back 48

Glucose

Front 49

Ketoneogenic can be metabolized into?

Back 49

Ketones (ex/ Atkins diet)

Front 50

Protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions are?

Back 50

Enzymes

Front 51

Enzymes increase or reduce the energy for a reaction to take place?

Back 51

Reduce (many rxns have a certain amount of energy that must be put in before it can proceed-even if it ends in released energy. ex/ glycolysis)

Front 52

Enzymes that can be found in cells. This presence indicates damage to the cell.

Back 52

CPK, CK-MD, Troponin (all indicate MI)

Front 53

Microsomal enzymes are primarily produced in the?

Back 53

Liver (can be regulated by drugs, hormones, nutrition)

Front 54

Increases the rate of steroidal breakdown

Back 54

Cytochrome p450
(induced by smoking, meds, metabolizes many drugs
ex/smoking and BC

Front 55

Makes DNA from RNA

Back 55

Reverse Transcriptase
(ex/ HIV)

Front 56

Fuels, Enzymes catalyzed chemical reactions, Hormes, Hormone receptors generate second messengers, Antigens, Antibodies, Clotting factors, Structural proteins (actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin), carries (albumin, TPG, SHBG, transferrin, hemoglobin)

Back 56

The multiple roles played by proteins

Front 57

What are lipids?

Back 57

Lipds are water insoluble organic compounds (fatty acids, triaglyceroles/triglycerides, phospholipids, lipoproteins, cholesterol. steroid hormones, vitamin k, prostaglandins)

Front 58

What are fatty acids?

Back 58

An important fuel force; saturated or unsaturated; spare proteins during fasting.

Front 59

What are triglycerides?

Back 59

Fatty acids + glycerol backbone; major energy storage form; key to circulating plasma lipoproteins like VLDL or chylomicrons.

Front 60

What are phospholipids?

Back 60

major component of the cell membrane. similiar to TG's, glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group +copound; their hydrolysis/breakdown is in many cases coupled to receptors for hormones or neurotransmitters & their breakdown generates second messengers.

Front 61

What are lipoproteins?

Back 61

VLDL, LDL, HDL, chylomicrons, related to CVD/atherosclerosis

Front 62

Principally in nucleus, some in mitochondria and organelles capable of self-reproduction, exists in DOUBLE helix, transmits genetic info.

Back 62

DNA

Front 63

In nucleus & cytoplasm (ribosomes), nucleolus and chromosomes; single strand; underlies synthesis of all proteins

Back 63

RNA

Front 64

What are the important functions of the cell membrane?

Back 64

Contact inhibition, transduction, immune surveillance, transport.

Front 65

cellular growth, division, motility is LIMITED when cells are in CLOSE CONTACT with one another; failure of this process can result in inappropriate cell growth and CA.

Back 65

Contact Inhibition

Front 66

Turns extracellular signals to intracellular ones, occurs after interaction of a hormone/neurotransmitter w/ its specific receptor on the membrane

Back 66

Transduction

Front 67

How can the Number of receptors change during transduction?

Back 67

may go up or down regulate, may become more or less numerous and change cells response to a given level of hormone.

Front 68

What are examples of the number of receptor changes during transduction?

Back 68

Insulin resistance in diabetes
Type II NIDDM & denervation hypersensitivity, myasthenia gravis (autoimmune weakness)

Front 69

Endogenously produced antibodies binds to and impairs which receptor during transduction

Back 69

Acetylcholine

Front 70

Transduction or stimulus-response coupling results in?

Back 70

generation of Second Messangers a cAMP, prostaglandins (inflammation), inostitiol phosphates (cell growth, migration, differentiation, apoptosis), Ca++ or diacylglycerol

Front 71

Generated by hydrolysis or breakdown of membrane phospholipids mediated by phospholipases such as phospholipase C or D?

Back 71

Second Messengers

Front 72

What is Immune Surveillance?

Back 72

membranes contain class I or class II antigens which recognize and activate immune cells, detect new antigens on tumor cells, allow cells to distinguish between self and invader.

Front 73

Effective diffiusion barrier=

Back 73

Transport

Front 74

Lipid soluble molecules easily transverse (O2, CO2, N2, lipid anesthetics) and 40% of energy consumed is used to operate the Na/K ATPase (The Pump) during?

Back 74

Transport