Biology Unit 3: Genetics Flashcards

Front 1

In humans, what is our haploid chromosome number?

Back 1

23

Front 2

What letters are used to represent the heterozygous, homozygous dominant, and homozygous recessive genotypes?

Back 2

Bb, BB, bb

Front 3

Mitosis is the division of a diploid cell to make two new___cells. Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell to make 4 new ___ cells.

Back 3

Diploid, Gamete or Haploid

Front 4

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is known as a ___.

Back 4

Gene

Front 5

What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Back 5

Carries amino acids to the ribosome

Front 6

A person is Bb for brown eyes. What is their genotype? Phenotype?

Back 6

Genotype- Bb
Phenotype- Brown Eyes

Front 7

What does it mean if a trait is sex-linked?

Back 7

Carried on the X chromosome

Front 8

In humans, our diploid chromosome number is ___.

Back 8

46

Front 9

What is the function of mRNA in Protein synthesis?

Back 9

Carries a copy of DNA

Front 10

On which molecule is a codon found?

Back 10

mRNA

Front 11

On which molecule is an anticodon found?

Back 11

tRNA

Front 12

In which type of cell is the Lac Operon Model found?

Back 12

bacteria/prokaryote

Front 13

Which part of an onion did we look at to observe cells in Mitosis?

Back 13

the root tip

Front 14

What is the sugar in DNA called?

Back 14

Deoxyribose

Front 15

List the 4 types of nucleotides found in DNA.

Back 15

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine.

Front 16

THe Lac Operon model represents the regulation of 3 genes that code for which Enyme?

Back 16

Lactase.

Front 17

List the 6 phases of cell division in order.

Back 17

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

Front 18

List the 3 main parts of DNA

Back 18

Phosphate, sugar, base.

Front 19

What are the subunits in DNA called?

Back 19

nucleotides

Front 20

Which two types of organisms did Griffith work with in 1928?

Back 20

Mice and bacteria

Front 21

Which type of life form did Hershey and chase label with radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorous?

Back 21

Viruses

Front 22

If a DNA segment reads ATGC, what would the complimentary segment read?

Back 22

TACG

Front 23

Which organelle in the cell is responsible for making proteins or polypeptides?

Back 23

Ribosomes

Front 24

What is the function of tRNA?

Back 24

carries amino acids to the ribosome

Front 25

List two differences between DNA and RNA.

Back 25

DNA: double stranded
RNA: single stranded
different sugars
DNA has thymine
RNA has uracil
DNA is permanent
mRNA is shorter and temporary

Front 26

DNA replication results in ___ new DNA molecules that have ___ DNA codes or sequences.

Back 26

2, identical

Front 27

When would a cell need to replicate its DNA?

Back 27

Just before the cell divides

Front 28

Which type of molecule carries a copy of a gene (copied from DNA) to the ribosome?

Back 28

mRNA

Front 29

How many amino acids are available to a cell?

Back 29

20

Front 30

Which enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to a growing DNA molecule?

Back 30

DNA Polymerase

Front 31

Which enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA stand?

Back 31

RNA polymerase

Front 32

If mRNA reads AUC, what would tRNA read?

Back 32

UAG

Front 33

Which code is used to find the correct amino acid when using an amino acid chart?

Back 33

mRNA

Front 34

If a DNA template reads AUC, what would mRNA read?

Back 34

UAG

Front 35

WHy must tRNA be complimentary to mRNA?

Back 35

Because tRNA bonds temporarily to mRNA in the ribosome.

Front 36

IF an organism's 2N (diploid) number is 26, what is its haploid number?

Back 36

13

Front 37

What is added to the front of an mRNA Molecule before it leaves the nucleus? WHat is added to the end?

Back 37

GTP Cap
Poly-A Tail

Front 38

Chargaff noticed that in every DNA Sample there was always the same amount of adenines and thymines. WHat did he conclude?

Back 38

A pairs with T

Front 39

NAme two molecules that are made in the nucleolus that have to do with Protein Synthsis?

Back 39

rRna and protein

Front 40

If you use a punnett square to determine the pattern of inheritance for two traits and you find that your predicted ratios are a lot different than your actual ratios, this tells you that
___.

Back 40

Genes are linked on the same chromosome.

Front 41

In the Lac Operon model, which region of the chromosome does the repressor bind to? Which molecule is the inducer?

Back 41

Operator
Lactose

Front 42

Which two scientists used radio-active labels to determine that viruses inject DNA into cells?

Back 42

Hershey & Chase

Front 43

Which two bases make up purines in DNA? Pyrimidines?

Back 43

A&G are purines
C&T are pyrimidines

Front 44

If you use a punnett square to determine the pattern of inheritance for two traits and you find that your predicted ratios are a lot different than your actual ratios, this tells you that___.

Back 44

genes are linked on the same chromosome

Front 45

What is the mode of inheritance or inheritance pattern for Sickle Cell Anemia?

Back 45

Codominant

Front 46

What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that alleles separate into separate sex cells and must recombine to produce recessive offspring?

Back 46

Law of Segregation

Front 47

NAme 3 genetic disorders that are caused by a recessive, autosomal mutation.

Back 47

PKU, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs

Front 48

Two parents that have brown hair and can both roll their tongue have a baby with blonde hair and can roll its tongue. Which of MEndel's laws applies?

Back 48

2nd Law- Law of Independent Assortment

Front 49

IF a person that is type A (heterozygous) has a baby with a type O person. What are the possible blood types for their offspring?

Back 49

A and O

Front 50

What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that homologous chromosomes assort independently of other homologous chromosomes?

Back 50

Law of Independent Assortment

Front 51

Two parents who have brown eyes have a child with blue eyes. Which of Mendel's laws applies?

Back 51

1st law- Law of Segregation

Front 52

What is Wobble of the Anticodon?

Back 52

when the 3rd base in the mRNA codon can vary and the same amino acid is coded for. For example, UUU and UUC both code for the amino acid Phenylalanine.

Front 53

What happens during Interphase and metaphase of mitosis?

Back 53

Inter- chromosomes duplicate
Metaphase- Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.

Front 54

What happens during Anaphase and Telophase of mitosis?

Back 54

Anaphase- chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase- Two new nuclei form

Front 55

List two events that occur during Prophase I of meiosis that do not occur during mitosis.

Back 55

Homologous chromosomes pair and they cross over

Front 56

How many cells are produced from a single, diploid cell during meiosis? How do these cells compare to each other?How many chromosomes are in each Cell?

Back 56

4
all unique
1/2 is the normal number

Front 57

Which protein (needed for cell division) is specifically made during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (just before the cell divides)?

Back 57

spindle fibers

Front 58

List 4 events that occur during Prophase of mitosis.

Back 58

Chromosomes become visible
Nuclear envelope disappears
Centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell
Spindle Fibers form

Front 59

What is a sister chromatid?

Back 59

One side of a duplicated chromosome

Front 60

What is wrong genetically with someone who has Turner's Syndrome?

Back 60

They lack an X chromosome- so their genotype is XO

Front 61

What is wrong genetically with someone who has Down Syndrome?

Back 61

They have an extra 21st chromosome

Front 62

Which two molecules make up a ribosome?

Back 62

protein and mRNA

Front 63

What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?

Back 63

Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes
Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes

Front 64

On which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found during replication?

Back 64

lagging strand

Front 65

Which part of a DNA sequence does RNA polymerase always bind to?

Back 65

Promotor Region

Front 66

List the 3 stages that occur for both transcription and translation

Back 66

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Front 67

Which enzyme unwinds the DNA Molecule during replication? Which Enzyme fuses Okazaki fragments?

Back 67

Helicase
Ligase

Front 68

What are the fragments of DNA called that occur on the lagging strand during replication that are eventually fused together?

Back 68

Okazaki Fragments

Front 69

What is transcription?

Back 69

When RNA Polymerase copies a segment of DNA- only one side of the DNA

Front 70

NAme the 4 molecules that are modified into DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.

Back 70

dGTP
dATP
dCTP
dTTP

Front 71

In which direction does DNA polymerase read the DNA strand? In which direction are the new DNA strands synthesized?

Back 71

3' to 5'
5' to 3'

Front 72

List three ways that mRNA is "processed" before leaving the nucleus in eukaryotes.

Back 72

Introns spliced out, GTP cap added, Poly-A tail added

Front 73

What is translation?

Back 73

When is the mRNA is translated 3 bases at a time by the ribosome to an amino acid sequence

Front 74

What are the two sites on a ribosome called that bond to existing and incoming amino acids?

Back 74

P site
A site

Front 75

Describe the contributions of Jacob and Manod in 1961.

Back 75

They described the Lac-Operon model in prokaryotes

Front 76

What is one major difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

Back 76

No interphase during meiosis II and no pair of homologous chromosomes or crossing over during Prophase II

Front 77

2N refers to an organism's ___.
Number and N refers to its ___ Number.

Back 77

Diploid
Haploid

Front 78

What does it mean if a trait is said to be polygenic? (an example is the shape of your nose)

Back 78

Polygenic: Many traits

Front 79

According to the Lac-Operon model, when does lactase get synthsized or made in a bacterial cell?

Back 79

When the bacterium consumes lactose

Front 80

What is the process of making eggs called? Making sperm?

Back 80

oogenesis
spermatogenesis

Front 81

Genes A and B recombine 50% of the time. Genes A and C recombine 10% of the time. What is the order of the genes?

Back 81

ACB or BCA

Front 82

What is the word used to describe a one-trait cross? Two-trait cross?

Back 82

monohybrid
dihybrid

Front 83

A foreign protein on a cell's surface is known as an ___. An Immune system cell can respond to a foreign protein by producing ___.

Back 83

Antigen
Antibodies

Front 84

A person with type O blood has a baby with a personn who has type AB. What are the possible Blood types of their Offspring?

Back 84

A and B

Front 85

2N refers to an organism's ___.
Number and N refers to its ___ Number.

Back 85

Diploid
Haploid

Front 86

What does it mean if a trait is said to be polygenic? (an example is the shape of your nose)

Back 86

Polygenic: Many traits

Front 87

According to the Lac-Operon model, when does lactase get synthsized or made in a bacterial cell?

Back 87

When the bacterium consumes lactose

Front 88

What is the process of making eggs called? Making sperm?

Back 88

oogenesis
spermatogenesis

Front 89

Genes A and B recombine 50% of the time. Genes A and C recombine 10% of the time. What is the order of the genes?

Back 89

ACB or BCA

Front 90

What is the word used to describe a one-trait cross? Two-trait cross?

Back 90

monohybrid
dihybrid

Front 91

A foreign protein on a cell's surface is known as an ___. An Immune system cell can respond to a foreign protein by producing ___.

Back 91

Antigen
Antibodies

Front 92

A person with type O blood has a baby with a personn who has type AB. What are the possible Blood types of their Offspring?

Back 92

A and B