Biology Topic 6 - Ib

Front 1

Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential.

Back 1

The molecules we eat need to be organised and have to be broken down in order to pass from the intestines to the blood or nymph vessels.

We break them down (hydrolyse them) into smaller components which then can be reassembled into larger molecules (macromoleculrd) that supply you with nutrients.

Front 2

What are carbohydrates broken down into?

Back 2

Monosaccarides

Front 3

What are proteins broken down into?

Back 3

Amino acids

Front 4

What are lipids broken down into?

Back 4

Fatty acids and glycerol

Front 5

What are nucleic acids broken down into?

Back 5

Nucleotides

Front 6

What are the five steps of digestion?

Back 6

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Transport
5. Direct use or storage

Front 7

What does enzymes do in a reaction in consideration to energy?

Back 7

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. They work as catalysts.

Front 8

What should one think of when dealing with enzyme reactions?

Back 8

They are substrate specific and are dependent on factors of temperature and pH.

Front 9

What are the two common actions for enzyme activity and what do they do with water molecules?

Back 9

1. Hydrolysis (adds water molecules)

2. Condensation (removes)

Front 10

What happens with food which has entered the mouth until it has reached the stomach?

Back 10

The indigested food is chewed up and mixed with saliva which contains amylase (pH of about 7). The food is then swallowed and follows the oesophagus down to the stomach.

Front 11

About how long is the food kept in the stomach and in what kind of an environment?

Back 11

About 4 hours in an acidic environment (pH of about 2)

Front 12

An enzyme protein is able to enable itself due to the acidic environment, which one?

Back 12

Pepsin (It can only be active in acidic environments)

Front 13

What do the stomach wall glands produce?

Back 13

HCl, pepsin and a buffering mucus which keeps it from being broken down by the acidic environment.

Front 14

Where does the food go after being in the stomach?

Back 14

Small intestine

Front 15

What is the first part of the small intestine called?

Back 15

Duodenum

Front 16

What happens in the duedenum?

Back 16

The liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce juices for the digestion to continue.

Front 17

What does the liver produce which is stored in the gall bladder and what does it do?

Back 17

Bile salts; turns the large lipids into smaller which creates a better working environment for the ensyme lipase.

Front 18

What is the pancreas 'juice' called?

Back 18

Lipases

Front 19

What does the lipases deliver

Back 19

Carbohydrates
Proteases
Bicarbonates (raise the pH level again to be around 7)

Front 20

About how many meters is the small intestine?

Back 20

5-6 meters

Front 21

What is the small intestine wall covered with and why is it important?

Back 21

With small villi (singular villus) which creates a larger surface area for absorption.

Front 22

What do the blood vessels in the villi absorb?

Back 22

Amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, minerals and vitamins pass through the epithelial cells and then absorbed by the villi.

Front 23

What is exported from the epithelial cells to the lactal (lymph) vessels?

Back 23

Fatty acids and glycerol

Front 24

Through what is the products of digestion carried through in order to be spread around the body?

Back 24

Blood or lymph

Front 25

What is villus covered with?

Back 25

Epithelial cells

Front 26

What is absorbed through active transport to the blood vessels in the digestive system?

Back 26

Amino acids, monosaccharides, vitamins and mineral ions

Front 27

By what action is the fatty acids carried to the lacteal vessels?

Back 27

Exocytosis

Front 28

Which bacteria does the large intestine have a lot of and what does it do?

Give one example of a bacteria of this kind.

Back 28

It has a lot of mutalistic bacteria that feed on the things in digestion that we can't use and then sends out vitamin K and B and folic acids into our blood vessels.

Example: E. Coli (Escherichia coli)

Front 29

What two gases do the mutalistic bacteria produce?

Back 29

Methane (green house gases)

Hydrogen sulfide (bad smell when farting)

Front 30

What happens if the salt level is to high in the blood concentration?

Back 30

It is excreted into the large intestine (most salt comes from the kidney)

Front 31

Name three things the large intestine does.

Back 31

1. Water reclaim

2. Mutalistic bacteria

3.Excretion of excessive salts

Front 32

What is absorption?

Back 32

The intake of substances in the small intestine and then by the cells.

Front 33

What is assimilation?

Back 33

What the cells do/use the absorbed molecules. (ex. respiration orbuilding material)

Front 34

What does the SA node stand for and what does it do?

Back 34

SA node: sinotrial node

Sends out an electrical signal to initiate the contractions of the myogenic muscle contraction.

Front 35

What does the AV node stand for and what does it do?

Back 35

AV node: atrioventricular node

Receives signals from the SA node, waits approx. 0.1 seconds and then send another electrical signal. This second signal goes to the muscular ventricles and results in their contraction.

Front 36

What is the average rate of the myogenic activity?

Back 36

60-90 beats per minute

Front 37

Why does the pulse rise when the body is active?

Back 37

More blood needs to be circulated

Front 38

What three causes are there to the increase of the pulse?

Back 38

1. Nerve signals (physical activity) The medulla reacts to increased levels of CO2 and sends signals for the heart to speed up.

2. Fever

3. Hormones (For example epinephrine/adrenalin when stressed)

Front 39

What seperates an artery from a vein?

Back 39

A thicker wall of smooth muscles that can withstand higher blood pressure.

High elasticity helps to maintain blood pressure.

Front 40

What seperates a vien from and artery?

Back 40

Thinner wall of smooth muscles.

The transport is maintained close by skeletal muscles and prevented from flowing backwards by flaps (valves) that closes when the blood runs backways.

Front 41

What happens in the capillary?

Back 41

All the molecular exchanges that occur between the bloodstream and body cells take place in the capillary beds.

Front 42

What carries blood from the heart and what carries blood to the heart?

Back 42

Viens carries blood TO the heart, while arteries carries blood FROM the heart

Front 43

What nine things are carried throughout the blood?

Back 43

1. Nutrients from digestion

2. Wastes from metabolism ex. urea from amino acids

3. Oxygen

4. Carbon dioxide

5. Hormones

6. Blood cells

7. Plasma proteins like antibodies and fibrinogen

8. Heat

9. Antibodies

Front 44

Why are antibiotics effective twards bacteria and not viruses?

Back 44

Antibiotics interfear with metabolic pathways, which can not be found in viruses due to the fact that they're non-living.

Front 45

Name three ways that antibacteria workes by.

Back 45

1. Kills directly by destroying the bacterial cell wall

2. Kills directly by interfering with the protein synthesis of the
bacteria

3. Kills indirectly by slowing down their cell division and or
metabolism

Front 46

What protects the openings of the body which are not protected by skin?

Back 46

Mucus membranes

Front 47

Name at least 3 descretions from the mucus membrane and what substance it contains.

Back 47

Tear fluid
Sweat
Saliva
Stomach fluids
Genital area

It contains antibacterial substances (lysosymes)

Front 48

Which two groups are nonspecific leucytes divided into?

Back 48

1. Granulocytes (three major types)

2. Agranulocytes (monocytes and
macrophages)

Front 49

Where are leucocytes produces and what happens if a disease attacks the body to the production?

Back 49

They are found in the stem cells of the bone marrow.

The production increases when needed.

Front 50

What are antigens?

Back 50

Antigen is the name of specific proteins from the pathogen that cells carry on
their surface.

Front 51

When non-specific cells are attacked, they send out signals which activates who?

Back 51

T- and B-lymphocytes

Which are the specific defense; they make clones very fast.

Front 52

How do leucocytes destroy their enemy?

Back 52

By phagocytosis (eating them)

Front 53

What are B-cells?

Back 53

Antibodies that rapidly produces clones when the body is under attack.

Front 54

Fill in the blanks:

T-cells are specific and _________ and destroys already infected cells by
____________.

Back 54

1. agressive

2. phagocytosis

Front 55

What are memory T/B cells?

Back 55

Some of the produced clones by T/B cells become memory T/B cells, which are known as immunity. They remeber the disease so that the body will not have it again, it's just to fight it off.

Front 56

Name three ways in which HIV affects the body.

Back 56

1. The HIV-virus infects and destroys Helper T-cells, the orchestrators of the specific defence.

2. The HIV virus also constantly changes shape. The result is that the specific defence newer has time to develop a greater counter attack with B and T cells or memory cells

3.The long term result is that fewer and fewer antibodies specific to HIV are produced

Front 57

What is the first step of gas exchange?

Back 57

1. Ventilation, inhale-exhale

Front 58

What is the second step of gas exchange?

Back 58

2. Gas exchange, exchange of O₂ - CO₂ in lungs

Front 59

What is the third step of gas exchange?

Back 59

3.Cellular respiration, exchange of O
₂ - CO₂ in body cells

Front 60

What is cellular respiration?

Back 60

The great majority of living organisms use oxygen when breaking down glucose and
other molecules rich in energy and then “move” the energy to become ATP. This process is called cellular respiration:

Glucose + oxygen ⇒ carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Front 61

By what process is the gas exchanged?

Back 61

Diffusion

Front 62

Where do small animals get their gases from?

Back 62

Through the cell membranes (if unicellular)

Or the skin (for example earthworms)

Front 63

In order to support all the cells in our body with exygen, what is needed?

Back 63

An effective ventilation and
and effective transport system (circulatory blood system)

Front 64

About how many aveoli are there in each lung?

Back 64

300 million

Front 65

Name four properties of the aveoli.

Back 65

•Spherical - large surface

•Thin epithelium - easy diffusion

•Moistened epithelium - efficient
diffusion and prevents them from
“gluing” together

•Associated capillary bed
surrounding them - shorter diffusion distance

Front 66

How do we inhale?

Back 66

By contraction of the diaphragm muscle and the external
intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.

Front 67

When inhaling, what happens to the volume of the lungs?

Back 67

It increases.

Front 68

Fill in the blank about inhalation:

The air flows into the lungs due to an ______ - _______.

Back 68

Under-pressure

Front 69

What in a more biological language is inhalation and exhalation called?

Back 69

Inspiration and expiration

Front 70

What happens when we exhale?

Back 70

The relaxation of diaphragm muscle, external intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.

Front 71

What are the two communication systems for vertibrates?

Back 71

Nervous system and the hormone system.

Front 72

What is homeostatis?

Back 72

The state which is of vital importance for the organism to keep a steady-state, keep the internal environment steady even if the external changes. Homeostatis makes sure that it is this way.

Front 73

What can the hormone system also be called?

Back 73

The endocrine system.

Front 74

Which is the fast and the slow system?

Back 74

Fast: Nervous system

Slow: Hormone system

Front 75

Fill in the blanks:

The fast _______ system and the slow ______ system interacts and together they maintain ______________.

Back 75

1. Nervous

2. Hormone

3. Homeostatis

Front 76

What is CNS?

Back 76

CNS = central nervous system, brain + spinal cord

Front 77

What is PNS?

Back 77

PNS = peripheral nervous system, sensory neurons leading to CNS + motor neurons leading from CNS to effector cells

Front 78

What is a nerve?

Back 78

Many neurons together.

Front 79

About what value does the resting potential have?

Back 79

- 70 mV

Front 80

What are the five steps of synapse?

Back 80

1. The action potential causes diffusion Ca2+ (Calcium ions)
to the end plate of the delivering, (presynaptic) cell.

2. Vesicles with neurotransmitters then fuse with the membrane and releases the transmitter into the synaptic cleft.

3. The neurotransmitter bind to receptors of ion channel proteins in the receiving cells membrane.

4. Channels for Na+ opens and the result is an action potential in the receiving (postsynaptic) cell.

5. The neurotransmitter is broken down, fragments taken up by the endplate again -ready for a new signal.

Front 81

Which systems monitor the internal you? Give two examples of what they monitor.

Back 81

Nervous and hormone system.

- Body temp,
- CO2-conc.
- Salt conc.
- Glucose
conc.