Biology Test #5 Chapter 28

Front 1

Main functions of our nervous system

Back 1

1. Sensory Input
2. Integration
3. Motor Output

Front 2

a cell body containing the nucleus and cell organelles, and long, thin extensions called neuron fibers that convey signals

Back 2

neuron

Front 3

2 main anatomical divisions of nervous systems

Back 3

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Front 4

the conduction of signals from sensory receptors (light detecting cells of the eye) to integration centers

Back 4

sensory input

Front 5

Sensory input --> Sensory receptors --> Examples

Back 5

eyes, nose, tongue

Front 6

the interpretation of the sensory signals and the formulation of the appropriate responses

Back 6

integration

Front 7

making sense out of the sensory input, brain has to interpret it

Back 7

integration

Front 8

What system that makes sense of our sensory inputs?

Back 8

Central Nervous System

Front 9

What main function of our nervous system has to do with our response?

Back 9

motor output

Front 10

conduction of signals from the integration centers to effector cells (muscle cells or gland cells) which perform the body's responses

Back 10

motor output

Front 11

What system has to do with motor output?

Back 11

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Front 12

places where myelin sheath pinches off and you're down to the mere axon

Back 12

nodes of ranvier

Front 13

highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons and convey this information toward the cell body

Back 13

dendrites

Front 14

a much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells

Back 14

axons

Front 15

a type of glial cell found in the PNS

Back 15

schwann cell

Front 16

a thick insulating material that encloses axons

Back 16

myelin sheath

Front 17

a chain of schwann cells wrapped any times around the axon

Back 17

myelin sheath

Front 18

spaces between schwann cells

Back 18

nodes of ranvier

Front 19

site of communication between a synaptic terminal and another cell

Back 19

synapse

Front 20

where information is passed between neurons

Back 20

synapse

Front 21

the nerve signal that gets transferred from your nervous sensory organs (eyes, taste buds, nose, etc.)

Back 21

action potential

Front 22

The action potential was deciphered in what animal's axons in the 1940s?

Back 22

giant squid

Front 23

Giant squid axons were how large in diameter?

Back 23

1 mm

Front 24

The action potential is _____ in duration.

Back 24

1-2 milliseconds

Front 25

An electrical current is faster that our action potentials but our actions potentials only have to travel ________, which is a short distance.

Back 25

through our body

Front 26

A ____ sigal is very different from the electrical signal

Back 26

chemical

Front 27

______ help maintain the resting potential of a neuron

Back 27

Sodium-potassium (NA+ - K+) pumps

Front 28

Sodium potassium pumps transport ____ out of the cell and ____ in, thereby helping keep the concentration of ____ low in the cell and _____ high.

Back 28

Sodium, Potassium, Sodium, Potassium)

Front 29

The ionic gradient (high K+/low Na+ concentrations inside coupled with low K+/high NA+ concentrations outside) produces an electrical potential difference or _______.

Back 29

voltage

Front 30

Na+ is controlled by ______

Back 30

closed channels

Front 31

K+ more freely moves with ______.

Back 31

gradient

Front 32

NA+/K+ pumps maintain a ____ charge inside and _____ outside.

Back 32

negative, positive

Front 33

How a nerve signal begins. The cell membrane is ____. ____ channels flood the cell with ____ charges. This creates a wave that moves down the _____.

Back 33

stimulated, Sodium, +, axon

Front 34

the regions of communication between a synaptic terminal and another cell

Back 34

synapses

Front 35

Neurotransmitters at the synapse are transferred to the next cell by the _____

Back 35

synapse

Front 36

types of neurotransmitters that have opposite effects

Back 36

epinephrine and norepinephrin

Front 37

a type of neurotransmitter that is important in the brain and at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells, may be excitatory or inhibitory

Back 37

acetylcholine

Front 38

a type of neurotransmitter that affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning

Back 38

sertonin

Front 39

an evolutionary trend toward concentration of the nervous system at the head end

Back 39

cephalization

Front 40

An advantage of cephalization is that the nerves are clustered at the front where _____ is encountered

Back 40

new environments

Front 41

______ don't have or need cephalization.

Back 41

Sessile mollusks

Front 42

Other mollusks such as squids and octopi are very ______.

Back 42

sophisticated

Front 43

The CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of the _____ and _____.

Back 43

brain, spinal cord

Front 44

three anterior bulges of the neural tube that the vertebrate brain develops from

Back 44

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Front 45

4 parts of the forebrain

Back 45

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

Front 46

The midbrain is part of the _____.

Back 46

brainstem

Front 47

The hindbrain consists of ____ and ____ which are part of _____ and the ______.

Back 47

pons, medulla oblongata, brainstem, cerebellum

Front 48

The PNS (Peripheral Nervous System consists of ___?

Back 48

Cranial Nerves, ganglia, spinal nerves

Front 49

2 parts of the PNS

Back 49

Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system

Front 50

A part of the PNS that carries information to and from skeletal muscles

Back 50

Somatic nervous system

Front 51

The neurons that tell you to pull your arm away when you touch a hot stove, often considered voluntary because the actions are under conscious control.

Back 51

somatic nervous system

Front 52

The Autonomic Nervous System (a division of the PNS) can be divided into what three parts?

Back 52

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic and Enteric Division

Front 53

regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and the organs of the digestive, cardiovascular, excretory, and endocrine systems; generally considered involuntary

Back 53

autonomic nervous system

Front 54

primes the body for activities that gain and conserve energy for the body, rest and digestion, recovery from activity, things that help build and maintain our bodies

Back 54

parasympathetic division

Front 55

preparing the body for intense energy-consuming activities; ready for action, makes sure that we have the energy available to use, respiration's providing enough oxygen, getting rid of enough CO2 (fight or flight)

Back 55

sympathetic division

Front 56

networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; entirely devoted to digestive system

Back 56

enteric division

Front 57

The parasympathetic division _____ pupil while the sympathetic division ____ pupil. The parasympathetic division ______ saliva production while the sympathetic division ______ saliva production. The parasympathetic division _____ bronchi while the sympathetic division ______ bronchi. The parasympathetic division _____ heart while the sympathetic division _____ heart. The parasympathetic division stimulates ________ while the ____ these. The sympathetic division stimulates _______. The parasympathetic division does what to urination while the sympathetic division does what to urination? The parasympathetic division promotes _____ of genitals while the sympathetic division promotes _____.

Back 57

constricts, dilates, stimulates, inhibits, constricts, dilates, slows, accelerates; stomach, pancreas and intestines; inhibits epinephrine and norepinephrine release, glucose release; stimulates, inhibits, erection, ejaculation and vaginal contractions

Front 58

Cephalization is a hallmark of what type of symmetry?

Back 58

bilateral