Biology Systemactics And 5 Kingdoms

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all organisms are:

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1. composed of 1 or more cells
2. carry out metabolism
3. transfer energy with ATP
4. encode hereditarty information in DNA

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Systematics

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the study of evolutionary relationships

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Phylogeny

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a grapical represetation depicting patterns of a relationship

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Key to interpreting a phylogeny

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1. species share a common ancestor
2. physical characteristics do not necessarily predict evolutionary relationships
3. cladograms depict phylogeny based on derived evelutionary relationships.

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Polarize characteristics

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Put things in groups

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3 systematic groups

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1. Monophyletic
2. Paraphyletic
3. polyphyletic

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Classification

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How we place specied and higher groups into the taxonomic hierarchy

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Eath formed how long ago?

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4.5 billion yrs ago

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When did the first organisms emerge?

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2.5 and 3.8 BYA

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Evolution of cells?

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1. RNA may have been the first genetic material
2. amino acids po;ymerized into proteins
3. metabolic pathways emerges
4. lipid bubbles became living cells with cell membranes
5. several innovations contributed to diversity of life

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Carolus Linnaeus instituted what?

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Binomial names.
ex. homo sapien

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Taxonomy

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the sceince of classifiying things

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Taxon

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Classification level

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The Linnaean Hierarchy

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1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

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3 Domain Phylogeny

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1. Domain Archaea
2. Domain Bateria
3. Domain Eukarya

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6 Kindom System

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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

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Key characteristics of Eukaryotics

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1. Compartmentalization
2. Multicellularity
3. Sexual Reproduction

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Viridiplantae is composed of

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1. Chlorophyta - green algae
2. Strepophyta - land plants

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Viruses

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1. Are not organisms
2. Litterly parasetic- DNA and RNA wrapped in protien
3. Can only reproduce within living cells
4. vary greatly in apprearance

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The first cells

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1. microfossils - oldest are 3.5 billion years old
2. stromatolites - oldest are 2.7 bya
3. biomarkers

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Prokaryotes

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1 Oldest and simplest form of life
2. less then 10% of species are known

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Prokaryotics split into 2 lines

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1. Bateria- also call eubateria
2. archaea - archaebateria

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Procaryotic features

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1. not multicellular
2. small
3. circular DNA
4. binary fussion - asexual
5. very little internal compartmentalization
6. move like a propeller

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Metabolic diversity

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1. photosynthetic
2. chemolithotropic

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Difference between bacteria and archaea

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Bacteria are unbranched and connected to glycerol by ester linkages
Archaea are branched and connect to glycerol by ether linkage
archaea lack peptidoglycan
archeae simular to eucarotics
archaea transcription and translation more simular to eukaryotics

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Procaryotic Classification

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1. photosynthetic or nonphotosythetic
2. motile or nonmotile
3. unicellular or colony forming or filamentous
4. spore formation by division or transverse binary fission

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Molecular classification

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1. amino acid sequences of key proteins
2. percent guanine-cytisine content
3. nucleic acid hybridization
4. ribosomal RNA sequencing
5. whole-genome sequencing

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3 prokaryotic shapes

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1. bacillus- bacilli -straight and rod shaped
2. coccus-cocci- spherical shaped
3. spirillum-spirilla-long and helical shaped

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Prokaryotic Cell surface

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1. maintains shape and protects the cell from swelling and rupturing
2. usually consists of peptidoglycan
3. rigid, paracrystaline surface
4. gelatinous layer, protects from immune system
5. hairlike structures
6. long helical structure, flagelin - locomotion

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Prokaryotic internal structure

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1. Nucleoid region
2. Ribosomes
3. Internal membranes
4. Endospores

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2 processes create bacterial variations

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1. mutation
2. genetic recombination

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What is genetic recombination in prokaryotics

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1. conjugation - cell to cell contact
2. transduction - viruses
3. transformation - from the enviornment

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Prokayotic metabolism

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1. carbon
a. autothrophs - from inorganic CO2
b. heterpthrophs - from organic molecules
2. energy
a. chemolithotrophs - from inorganic chemicals
b. phototrophs - from sunlight

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Benefits fo prokaryotics

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1. chemical cycling
2. decomposition
3. nitrogen fixation
4. antibiotics
5. creation of foods
6. nonpoluting insect control

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Negatives of prokaryotics

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1. Food spoilage
2. diseases
3. sexually transmitted diseases

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1st eucaryotic group

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Protists

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Theroy of endosymbiosis

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1. mithacondria originated as symbiotic, aerobic bacteria
2. chloroplasts originated as cyanobacteria

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Classifying protists

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1. they are not plants, animals or fungi
2. most diverse
3. little consensus about classification

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Protists general biology

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1. No cell wall
2. some able to form cysts
3.locomotor organelles
4. nutrition
5. reproduction
6. habitat

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Reroduction of protists

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1. typically asexual
2. binary fission - equal halves
3. budding- progeny cell smaller
4. schizogony - multiple fission

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Where do protists live

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1. require some water
2. freshwater
3. marine
4. puddles
5. damp soil

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3 catagorys of protists

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1. Plant like - photosynthetic
2. animal like - ingest food
3. fungus like - absorb food

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benefits fo protista

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1. produce oxygen
2. major role in the food chain
3. food source- sushi
4. carageenan - a thickener
5. source of iodine
6. fine abrasive
7. decomposer

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Negatives of protista

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1. many diseases
a. african sleeping sickness
b. malaria
c. hiker's diarrhea
d. STD's
2. red tides

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Kingdom Viridiplante consists of

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1. land plants
2. green algae

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Green algae is split into 2 clades

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1. chlorophytes - never made it to lane
2. charophytes - made it to land

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First land plants

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Bryophytes - mosses and liverworts

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Properties of bryophytes

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1. non-vascular
2. swimming sperm
3. lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage
4. spores for reproduction

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First vascular plants

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1. lycophyta - club mosses
2. pterphytes - ferns

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Properites of Lyophyta

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1. earliest vascular plants
2. most abundant in tropics and moist temperature

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Properties of Pterophytes

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1. vascular
2. swimming sperm
3. life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
4. spores for reproduction

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Homospory

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male and female on the same plant

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First seed plant

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1. gymnospem

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Gymnosperm properties

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1. vascular
2. heterospory
3. seeds
4. pollen
5.life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
6. reproduction of gametophyte protects delicate egg and embryo in protective sporophyte

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Types of gymnosperm

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1. ginko
2. gnetophytes
3. cycads
4. conifers

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First flowering plant

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Angiospems

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Angiosperm properties

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1. vascular
2. heterospory
3. flower
4. seed with fruit
5. pollen
6. life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage

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gametocytes

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pollen grains

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Fertilization of angiosperms

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1. involves 2 sperm-double fertilization
2. one spern fertilizes egg - diploid zygote
3. other sperm fuses with other nuclei forming a triploid cell
4. becomes the endosperm - nutritive material for developing embryo

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2 classes of angiosperms

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1. dicots
2. monocots

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Fungi

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1.decomposers
2. always multicelluar
3. heterotrophs - absorbs nutrients
4. filamentous bodies
5. unusal reproduction
6. cell walls made of chitin
7. nuclear mitosis

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mycelium

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mass of connected hyphae

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Fungi reproductiuon

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capable of both sexual and asexual

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how fungi obtain nutrients

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1. external digestion - decompossers
2. break down cellulose and lignin
3. some are carnivorous

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Grouping of fungi

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1. chytridiomycota
2. zygomycota
3. glomerulomycota
4. basidiomycota
5. ascomycota
6. deutermycetes

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Ecology of fungi

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1. decomposers
2. only organism capable of breaking down cellulose and lignin

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fungi symbolic relationships

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1. obligate symbiosis - essential for fungi survival
2. facultative symbiosis - nonessential

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2 types of Mycorrhizae

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1. arbuscular mycorrhizae
2. ectomycorrhizae