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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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population ecology
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study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size
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population
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group of individuals of a single species in the same general area
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mark-recapture method
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sampling technique that can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes
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uniform distribution
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individuals are evenly distributed and spaced. influenced by territoriality
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life-table
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age-specific summary of survival pattern of a population
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ecology
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scientific study of interactions between organisms and the environment
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what does ecology do
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determine distribution of organisms and their abundance and reveals richness of biosphere
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organismal ecology
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studies how an organisms structure physiology and behavior meet environmental challenges
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community
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group of populations of different species in an area
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community ecology
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whole array of interacting species in a community
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ecosystem
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community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact
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ecosystem ecology
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emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among various biotic and abiotic components
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landscape
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mosaic of connected ecosystems
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landscape ecology
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arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
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biosphere
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global ecosystem, sum of all planet ecosystems
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global ecology
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examines influence of energy and materials on organisms across biosphere
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name all ecology families in order of smallest to largest
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organismal
population community ecosystem landscape global |
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2 kinds of factors that determine distribution
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abiotic (nonliving organisms)
biotic (living organisms) |
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dispersal
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movement of individuals away from centers of high population or from their area of origin
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biotic factors include...
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interactions with other species
predation competition |
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abiotic factors include...
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temperature
sunlight wind water rocks & soil |
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soil limit distribution
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physical structure
pH mineral composition |
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4 major abiotic components of climate
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temperature
water sunlight wind |
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macroclimate
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patterns on the global, regional, and local level
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microclimate
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very fine patterns such as those in an organismal community such as under a fallen log
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more heat and light per unit of surface area reach the _____ than high latitudes
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tropics
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mountains have effect on...
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amount of sunlight reaching an area
local temperature rainfall |
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seasonality
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angle of sun leads to many seasonal changes in local environments. Lakes are sensitive to seasonal temperature change and experience seasonal turnover
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biomes
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major ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water
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photic zones
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sufficient light for photosynthesis
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aphotic zone
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this zone receives little light
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benthic zone
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organic and inorganic sediment at bottom of all aquatic zones
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benthos
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the community in the benthic zone
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detritus
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dead organic matter that falls from productive surface water and is an important source of food
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aquatic biomes
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characterized by physical environment, chemical environment, geological features, photosynthetic organisms, and heterotrophs
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oligotrophic lakes
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nutrient poor and oxygen rich
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eutrophic lakes
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nutrient rich and oxygen poor
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littoral zone
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well lighted and shallow area where rooted and floating aquatic plants live
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wetland
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habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
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where do wetlands form
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shallow-basins, along flooded riverbanks, or on the coast of a large lake/sea
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what do streams and lakes have in common
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current
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estuary
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where river and sea meet. they are nutrient rich and highly productive
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intertidal zone
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periodically submerged and exposed by tides
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oceanic pelagic biome
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open blue water, mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents
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coral reefs
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formed by calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
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what phyla is coral
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phylum cnidaria
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marine benthic zone
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consists of sea floor below surface water of coastal and off shore pelagic zone
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marine benthic zone is aka...
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neritic zone
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abyssal zone
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very deep part of benthic zone that is adapted to extremely high water pressure and continuous cold temperatures
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disturbance
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biome patterns can be modified by this
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climograph
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plot of temperature and precipitation in a region
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ecotone
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area of intergradation. can be wide or narrow
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terrestrial biomes
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characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, and animals
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tropical rain forests
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precipitation is constant
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tropical dry forests
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precipitation is seasonal
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desert
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low precipitation and highly variable
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savanna
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precipitation and temperature are seasonal
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chaparral
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climate is highly seasonal, with cool and rainy winters and hot dry summers
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temperate grasslands
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winters are cold and dry, summers are hot and wet
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northern coniferous forest
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extends across northern north america and eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on earth
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temperate broadleaf forest
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vertical layers dominated by deciduous tress in northern hemisphere and evergreen eucalyptus in australia
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tundra
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covers expansive areas of the arctic
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permafrost
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permanently frozen layer of solid ground. no water can pass through it
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carrying capacity
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maximum population size the environment can support
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logistic population growth
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per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached
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allee effect
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individuals have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if population size is too small
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k-selection
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density dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
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r-selection
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density independent selection that selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction
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density dependent
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birth rates don't change with population density. get negative feedback
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density independent
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birth rates fall as death rates increase with population size
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population dynamics
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focuses on complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size
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metapopulations
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groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration
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age structure
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is one important demographic factor in present and future trends. relative number of individuals at each age
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ecological footprint
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summarizes aggregate land and water are needed to sustain people of a nation
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population ecology
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study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size
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density
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number of individuals per unit area or volume
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dispersion
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spacing among individuals within boundaries of population
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uniform dispersion
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one in which individuals are evenly distributed and influenced by territoriality
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random dispersion
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position of each individual is independent of other individuals
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demography
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study of vital statistics of a population and how they change over time
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life table
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age-specific summary of survival pattern of population
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cohort
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group of individuals of same age
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survivorship curve
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graphic way of representing data in a life table
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name the types of survivorship curves
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type 1: low death at early age
type 2: constant death type 3: high death at early age |
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reproductive table
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fertility schedule, age specific summary of reproductive rates in a population
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life history
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comprises traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival
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life history traits
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age of reproduction
how often reproduce how many offspring |
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semelparity
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aka. big bang reproduction has a one time reproduction and death
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iteroparity
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repeated reproduction. offspring repeatedly
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zero population growth
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birth rate equals the death rate
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exponential population growth
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population increase under idealized conditions also called intrinsic rate of increase
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