Biology Chapter 8: The Green World's Gift: Photosynthesis

Front 1

What is a modification in the form, physical functioning, or behavior of organisms in a population over generations in response to environmental change.

Back 1

adaptation

Front 2

A nucleotide that serves as the most important energy-transfer molecule in living things.

Back 2

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 3

The form of reproduction carried out by prokaryotic cells in which the chromosome replicates and the cell pinches between the attachment points of the two resulting chromosomes to form two new cells. In this type of simple cell splitting, each pair of daughter cells is an exact replica of the parental cell.

Back 3

binary fission

Front 4

A form of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is first fixed into a four-carbon molecule and then transferred to special bundle sheath cells in which the Calvin cycle is undertaken.

Back 4

C4 photosynthesis

Front 5

The set of steps in photosynthesis in which an energy-rich sugar is produced by means of two essential processes—the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide into a sugar and the energizing of this sugar with the addition of electrons supplied by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Back 5

Calvin cycle/reactions

Front 6

A form of photosynthesis, undertaken by some plants in hot, dry climates, in which carbon fixation takes place at night and the Calvin cycle during the day. Practiced by succulent plants in particular, its metabolism allows plants to preserve water by opening their stomata only at night.

Back 6

CAM Photosynthesis

Front 7

The three-stage, oxygen- dependent harvesting of energy that goes on in most cells. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Back 7

cellular respiration

Front 8

The primary pigment of chloroplasts, found embedded in its membranes. Together with the accessory pigments, it absorbs some wavelengths of sunlight in the first step of photosynthesis.

Back 8

chlorophyll a

Front 9

The organelle within plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis.

Back 9

chloroplast

Front 10

A basic constituent of an atom that has negative electrical charge.

Back 10

electron

Front 11

The outermost layer of skin in animals or the outermost cell layer in plants.

Back 11

epidermis

Front 12

The process of the incorporation of a gas into an organic molecule. In photosynthesis, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is ______ into the sugars of photosynthesizing organisms, such as plants.

Back 12

fixation

Front 13

The stalk of a leaf, attaching it to a branch or trunk.

Back 13

petiole

Front 14

A process in which the enzyme rubisco undercuts carbon fixation in photosynthesis by binding with oxygen instead of with carbon dioxide. This wasteful reaction takes place most frequently in C3 plants.

Back 14

photorespiration

Front 15

The process by which certain groups of organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert this solar energy into chemical energy that is initially stored in a carbohydrate.

Back 15

photosynthesis

Front 16

An organized complex of molecules within a thylakoid membrane that, in photosynthesis, collects solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy.

Back 16

photosystem

Front 17

A molecular complex in a chloroplast that, in photosynthesis, transforms solar energy into chemical energy.

Back 17

reaction center

Front 18

A combination of a reduction and an oxidation reaction in which the electrons lost from one substance in oxidation are gained by another in reduction.

Back 18

redox reaction

Front 19

An enzyme that allows plants to incorporate atmospheric carbon dioxide into their own sugars during the process of photosynthesis.

Back 19

rubisco

Front 20

Microscopic pores, found in greatest abundance on the undersides of leaves, that allow plants to exchange gases with the atmosphere. (Carbon dioxide moves into plants through the ________, while oxygen and water vapor move out.)

Back 20

stomata

Front 21

In plants and algae, the liquid material of chloroplasts that is the site of the Calvin cycle.

Back 21

stroma

Front 22

A flattened, membrane-bound sac in the interior of a chloroplast that serves as the site for the light reactions in photosynthesis.

Back 22

thylakoid

Front 23

Name the parts of a chloroplast:

Back 23

outer membrane, inner membrane, and a liquid called the stroma

Front 24

What is the network of membranes within chloroplasts?

Back 24

thylakoids

Front 25

When thylakoids stack on top of each other they form?

Back 25

a granum

Front 26

Any compound that strongly absorbs visible wavelengths of sunlight is called a...

Back 26

pigment

Front 27

In plants, photosynthesis takes place within the organelles called _______, which are found most abundantly in certain cells that make up the interior portions of _______.

Back 27

chloroplasts

leaves

Front 28

movement of electrons withing the reaction center - from the chlorophyll a molecules to the primary electron acceptor

Back 28

a redox reaction

Front 29

first recipient of the absorbed solar energy, the primary electron acceptor

Back 29

reaction center's molecule

Front 30

Pigments within the membranes of these organelles, in particular a pigment called _______, serve to absorb sunlight, which provides the energy that drives photosynthesis.

Back 30

chlorophyll a

Front 31

first step in photosythesis is called

Back 31

light reaction

Front 32

second step in photosynthesis is called

Back 32

Calvin Cycle

Front 33

two important things in light reaction step

Back 33

1) the splitting of water
2) transformation of solar energy to chemical energy

Front 34

what step does the oxygen in our atmosphere come from

Back 34

1) the water is split
2) the hydrogen atoms are removed from H2O
3) the oxygen is left behind and the two oxygen atoms come together and the result is O2

Front 35

energized sugar that is produced in the calvin cycle

Back 35

G3P

Front 36

What does two molecules of G3P turn into?

Back 36

a six-carbon sugar glucose

Front 37

The energy acquired in the light reactions takes two forms: energetic _____ stored in the carrier _____ and energy stored in the energy transfer molecule _____. An important by-product of the light reactions is the ____ produced when water is split.

Back 37

electrons; NADPH; ATP; oxygen

Front 38

The energy from the light reactions is used to power the second major set of steps in photosynthesis, the ______ cycle.

Back 38

Calvin

Front 39

Rubisco also has a problem or an affinity for binding with _______, a process known as _______.

Back 39

oxygen

photorespiration

Front 40

What is the glitch in the process of photosynthesis

Back 40

photorespiration

Front 41

What type of climate are the plants in that use the C4 photosynthesis?

Back 41

where the weather is warm enough to bring about a significant increase in photosynthesis

Front 42

Plants that exist in climates that are both warm and dry have evolved a variation on photosynthesis, _______ photosynthesis.

Back 42

CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)

Front 43

The enzyme rubisco brings together the _______ (from the plant) and _______ (from the atmosphere), creating the product that moves through the Calvin cycle.

Back 43

low-energy sugar

carbon

Front 44

An evolutionary response to this process, is found in plants that thrive in _______ climates, is _______ photosynthesis.

Back 44

warm-weather

C4

Hint 44

in which carbon dioxide is first fixed to a four-carbon molecule and then transferred into cells that carry out the Calvin cycle.

Front 45

CAM photosynthesis brings in which carbon dioxide into the plant only _______, while the Calvin cycle is carried out only _______.

Back 45

at night

during the day