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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular Respiration |
- Process by which cells acquire energy by breaking down nutrient molecules produced by photosynthesizers with the concomitant production of ATP (Includes aerobic and anaerobic respiration) -Consumes O2 and produces CO2, opposite of photosynthesis - Involves complete breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O, and energy to produce 36-38 ATP molecules - Oxidation-reduction enzymes include NAD+ and FAD as coenzymes |
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy C6H12O6 Oxidizes to 6 CO2 6 O2 Reduces to 6 H2O |
Cellular Respiration Equation And which one is oxidized? Which one is reduced? |
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NAD+ ( Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
- Coenzyme of oxidation-reduction (Redox) - Oxidized when it gives up electron - Reduced when it accepts electrons and associated with hydrogen proton |
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FAD |
- Redox Coenzyme, sometimes used instead of NAD+ - Accepts 2 electrons and 2 H+ to become FADH2 |
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Glycolysis (Anaerobic) Pyruvate Oxidation (Aerobic) Citric Acid Cycle (Aerobic) Electron Transport Chain (Aerobic) |
4 Phases of Cellular Respiration GPCE |
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Aerobic |
- Take place inside the mitochondria - Oxygen is final acceptor of electrons - Require oxygen |
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Glycolysis |
- Breakdown of glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C) - Glucose oxidation results in reduced NADH and provides enough energy for the net gain of 2 ATP molecules - Takes place outside of mitochondria in cytoplasm and does not require oxygen (anaerobic) - Energy investment and Energy payoff phase |
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Pyruvate Oxidation |
- Inthe presence of O2, pyruvate enters matrix of the mitochondrion - Pyruvate (3C) is oxidizes to acetyl CoA (2C) and CO2 [By a multienzyme complex that catalyses 3 reactions] - NAD+ Reduces to NADH - Occurs twice per glucose since there are 2 pyruvate |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
- Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion - Each (2C) acetyl CoA matches up with a (4C) oxaloacetate, forms (6C) citrate - (6C) citrate oxidizes to reduce to 3 NADH and 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 per citrate are released - Able to produce 1 ATP per turn to make 2 - 2 acetyl CoA enter cycle per glucose molecule, so cycle turns twice [8 steps catalyzed by specific enzyme] |
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Electron Transport Chain |
- Series of carriers on the cristae of the mitochondria - NADH and FADH2 oxidizes to give up their high-energy electrons to the chain - Energy is released and captured as the electrons move from a higher-energy to a lower-energy state during each redox reaction - O2 receives electrons and combines with H+ to become H2O - Energy from exergonic flow of H+ down ATP synthase used to drive phosphorylation of ATP into 32-34 ATP (chemiosmosis) |
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Chemiosmosis |
- Term used to refer to the movement of hydrogen protons down its concentration gradient through the ATP synthase from the cristae to matrix to drive cellular work |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation |
- Term used to refer to the releasing of electrons by oxidizing NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain for chemiosmosis - Powers ATP synthesis |
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6 C Glucose 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 4 ADP + 4 P 2 (3C) Pyruvate 2 NADH 4 ATP |
Inputs of Glycolysis (4) Outputs of Glycolysis (3) |
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Glycolysis - 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle - 2 ATP ETC - 32~34 ATP |
ATP Net yield per glucose by each stage |
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Inputs: Glucose [ 2 ADP + 2 P] Outputs: 2 Lactate in animals and bacteria (Or 2 alcohol, 2 CO2 in plants/yeast) [2 ATP net gain from gycolysis] |
Inputs and outputs of Fermentation |
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34% |
Glucose is about 686Kcal and the energy yield of 36 ATP is about 263 Kcal. Glucose metabolism is therefore only about ___ efficient and the rest of energy is lost as heat; rather inefficient. |
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2 (2C) acetyl CoA 6 NAD+ 2 FAD [2 ADP + 2P] 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2 [2 ATP] |
Inputs of the Citric Acid Cycle (4) Outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle (4) |
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Exergonic Reaction
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- Reaction where there is a breakdown of organic molecules and releases heat
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Fermentation
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- Enables cells to produce ATP without O2, ETC ceases to operate
- Glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or this to produce ATP - Partial degradation of sugars/organic molecules to regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis - Alcohol or lactic acid producing |
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Oxidation Reduction |
- Losing of electrons - Gaining of electrons |
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Alcohol Fermentation |
- Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps - First step releases CO2 - Second step produces ethanol Ex: Yeast used in brewing, winemaking and baking |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
- Pyruvate is reduced by NADH, forming this as an end produce, with no release by CO2 Ex: Fungi and bacteria can make cheese and yogurt; human muscles use this to generate ATP when oxygen is scarce |
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Cytochromes |
Proteins that act as electron transfer agents in many metabolic pathways, especially cellular respiration |
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2 Pyruvate (From Glycolysis) 2 Ethanol 2 Lactate |
Input of Alcohol Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation? Output of Alcohol Fermentation Output of Lactic Acid Fermentation |
