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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are simple reflexes?
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Controlled at spinal cord
Two neuron pathway: receptor (afferent neuron) -> motor (efferent neuron) More important in lower forms of life |
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What are complex reflexes?
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Reflexes involving the brain
Startle response involves interaction of many neurons, a system termed the reticular activating system |
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What is the reticular activating system?
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Startle response
Response to danger or hearing name called Interaction of many neurons |
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What are fixed-action patterns?
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Complex, coordinated, innate behavioral responses to specific patterns of stimulation in the environment
Stimulus that elicits the behavior is referred to as the releaser Innate, therefore relatively unlikely to be modified by learning Ability to slightly change the stimuli is more likely than developing new ones Example: Mother taking on another egg from same species (egg must look alike); swimming of fish together |
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What is the deal with circadian rythems?
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Behavior occuring every 24 hours can be partially lost if not exposed to natural phases of light and dark
Daily cycles are intrinsic but modified by external stimuli |
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What is habituation?
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Suppression of startle response to stimuli
Repeated stimulation will result in decreased responsiveness to that stimuli If stimuli is no longer regularly applied, the response tends to recover over time, referred to as spontaneous recovery Recovery of response can also occur with a modification of the stimulus |
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What is Classical Conditioning?
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Pavlovian Conditioning
Association of a normal autonomic or visceral response with an environment stimulus Response learned is usually called conditioned reflex |
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Pavlav's Experiment and Terminology:
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Arbitrary stimulus: Bell
Unconditioned stimulus: Food Unconditioned response: Salivation Conditioned stimulus: Bell, following conditioning conditioned reflex: bell yields salivation Conditioning: Establishment of a new reflex by the addition of a new, previously neutral stimulus |
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What is pseudoconditioning?
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When the neutral stimulus was in fact NOT neutral in the first place
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What is the basis of Operant or Instrumental Conditioning?
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Conditioning responses to stimuli with the use of reward or reinforcement
Can be positive or negative reinforcement |
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What is Habit Family Hierarchy?
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Stimulus is usually associated with several possible responses, each with differing probability
Reward strengthens a specific behavioral response and raises it on the hierarchy; punishment lowers it |
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In classical conditioning, can conditioning be lost if stimulus is no longer applied?
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Yes, stimulus must be paired to response at least part of the time to maintain
Recovery can be made |
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In instrumental or operant conditioning, can conditioning be lost if stimulus is no longer applied?
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Behavior is diminished but can be regained with reinforcement
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What happens when a stimulus is generalized?
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The conditioned organism's response will be similar if the stimuli is generalized.
Less similar the stimuli, the less similar the result |
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Is an organism able to discriminate a stimulus?
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Yes, as a stimuli is further from the orginal stimulus, the likely hood of response diminishes
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What is imprinting?
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Environmental patterns or objects are introduced during "critical period" that become accepted as a permanent element of a behavioral response
Duckling sees first object as its mother |
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What is the critical period?
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Specific time periods in early development for where it is physiologically possible to develop specific behavioral patterns
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What are some behavioral displays?
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Innate Behavior
Reproductive displays - Dancing or colors Agonistic displays - Dog wags tail Antagonistic display - Doy growls |
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What is the purpose of the pecking order?
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To establish rank and minimize intra-specific aggressions
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What does territoriality do?
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Distribute members of species to minimize depletion of resources in small area
Minimize intraspecific competition The larger the population, the smaller the territories are likely to be |
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What are pheromones and what are the two types?
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Substances that influence the behavior of other animals
Releaser Pheromones: Trigger reversible behavioral change in recipient Primer Pheromones: Produce long term behavioral and physiological alterations in recipient animals |
