Biology 2150 1St Test

Front 1

1. what is the function of the endocrine system?
2. features of endocrine glands
3. 6 types of endocrine glands
4. examples of endocrine tissue

Back 1

1. the slow prolonged control of the body that deals with hormones.
2. ductless organs, releases hormones into surrounding tissue by exocytosis, highly vascularized
3. pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus
4. ovary, testis, pancreas, hypothalamus

Front 2

1. a chemical substance released by cells to regulate cell metabolism is called 2 types. most type?
2. what do they do?
3. how?

Back 2

1. hormone (steroidal and aa based), aa
2. increase or decrease the cells normal processes
3. change the plasma membrane, start protein production, activate/deactivate enzymes, start secretion of molecules, start mitosis

Front 3

1. how does a amino acid based hormone work?

Back 3

1. binds to protein receptors in phospholipid membrane, then the receptor binds to G protein, GDP becomes GTP, Stimulater G activates Adenylate Cyclase, AC produces cyclic AMP then that activates protein kinese A then protein kinese A phosphorylates enzymes which can activate some enzymes and deactivate others

Front 4

1. how does steroid hormones and thyroid hormones work?

Back 4

1. diffuse easily across the membranes, binds to an intranuclear receptor-chaperonin complex, then the chaperonin comes off and it gets activated, then it binds to DNA (transcription) mRNA moves to cytoplasm where it is translated into protein.

Front 5

1. how is testoterone made?

Back 5

Plasma cholesterol floats in the blood, cholesterol turns into pregnenalone, 17 of them comes together to make DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) then that makes both androstenedione and androstenediol then makes Testosterone.

Front 6

1. what does testoterone do?
2. what is the max amount of DHEA can there be relative to testoterone?
3. what is the difference bt synthetic and natural testosterone?
4. how are hormone receptor number and affinity change?

Back 6

1. stimulates the production of actin and myosin to build muscle mass
2. 4:1
3. different isotopes in carbon atoms
4. changing lock and key shape (changing affinity) up regulation (number of receptors increase) down regulation (number of receptors decrease)

Front 7

1. the pituitary gland is connected to the __ by the ___
2. 2 major lobes?

Back 7

1. hypothalmus by infundibulum
2. anterior lobe, posterior lobe

Front 8

1. what hormones does the posterior lobe produce?
2. anterior lobe?

Back 8

1. oxytocin adn ADH
2. TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), FSH & LH (gonadotrophins), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone), GH (Growth hormone), PRL (prolactin)

Front 9

1. which lobe is true endocrine tissue?
2. the posterior lobe is what type of tissue?
3. what is the neurohypophysis?
4. the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus sends what? via what?
5. how is the anterior lobe connected to they hypothalamus?

Back 9

1. anterior lobe
2. neural
3. the posterior lobe plus infundibulum
4. ADH and oxytoxin to posterior pituitary; via hypothalmaic hypophyseal tract
5. vasularlly NOT neurally

Front 10

1. where is the hypophyseal portal system? includes what 3 things
2. mechanism of Growth Hormone
3. what does it do?
4. what is its main target?
5. this hormone is called a
6. its secretion is regulated by

Back 10

1. primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, secondary capillary plexus
2. hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, then that makes the growth hormone
3. stimulate most body cells to grow an divide
4. bones and skeletal muscles
5. anabolic/building hormone
6. GHRH (growth hormones releasing hormones) and GHIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone or somatostain

Front 11

1. what inhibits growth hormone release?
2. effects of GH
3. excess in children
4. excess GH in adults
5. insufficient GH in children
6. insufficient GH in adults

Back 11

1. growth hormone inhibiting hormone and access of GH
2. increased cartilage formation and skeletal growth, increased break down of fat, increased blood sugar, increased protein synthesis
3. gigantism
4. acromegaly (enlarged hands, feet and face
5. dwarfism
6. similar to progeria (early aging)

Front 12

1. mechanism of the thyroid stimulating hormone
2. job of the thyroid stimulating hormone
3. wht inhibits thyroid stimulating hormone?

Back 12

1. hypo makes thyrotrophin-releasing hormone releasing hormone then the anterior p releases thyroid stimulating hormone then the thyroid gland makes T3 and T4
2. stimulates development and secretory activity of thyroid gland
3. thyroid hormone and somatostatin

Front 13

1. what is the job of the Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone? (ACTH)?`trophic?
2. job of gonandotrophins trophic?
3. mechanism?

Back 13

1. stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteriod hormones (yes: hypo releases CRH, pituitary relases ACTH, adrenal cortex reseases corticosteriod hormones
2 they are trophic and they induce matuation of Gonads
3. H makes Gonadotrophin releasing hormone, then pituitary makes FSH and LH then it goes to the gonads and produces steriods

Front 14

1. prolactin? trophic?
2. the release of prolactin is stimulated by the _ from the
3. the release of prolactin is inhibited by
4. when is prolactin the highest?

Back 14

1. not trophic: in males it enhances testerone production, in females it stimulates milk production
2. prolactin releasng hormone (hypo)
3. prolactin inhibiting hormone
4. in pregnant women

Front 15

1. purpose of oxytocin?
2. when is it release?
3. what is the purpose of AntiDiuretic Hormone (vasopression))
4. how is it relased?

Back 15

1. stimulate uterine contractions and milk ejection
2. in pregnant women
3. prevents urine formation and dehydration.
4. if the blood is thick, ADH is made and released, then it goes to the kidney tubules and causes water to be reabsorbed and less urine is produced (to help retain water)

Front 16

1. why is alcohol called a diuretic?
2. what happens when someone as a ADH definency?
3. the hollow spherical follicles of the thyroid gland produces
4. what makes the thyroid hormone?
5. what does the parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce?

Back 16

1. it inhibits ADH which makes an increase in urine output
2. diabetes insipidus (large urine output, intense thirst)
3. thyroglobulin
4. iodine + thyroglobulin.
5. calcitonin

Front 17

1. what is the purpose of thyroid hormone?
2. what does thyroid act like?
3. what causes hypothyroidism?

Back 17

1. increase metabolism and heat production, maintain blood pressure,growth and develpment
2. a steroid hormone
3. defective thyroid, inadequate dietary iodine

Front 18

1. hypothyroidism in adults is called __ symptoms? __ due to?
2. why can one get a goiter with hypothyroids?
3. hypothyroidism in children is called.. what happens to the kid?

Back 18

1. myxedema, cold, dry skin, edema, tiredness, due to decrease cell metabolism.
2. colliod is produced but there isnt any iodine to make TH
3. cretinism; short body, mental retardation

Front 19

1. hyperthyriodism is aka....symptoms?... due to?
2. what is exopthalamus?
3. graves disease is caused by
4. treatment?

Back 19

1. graves disease, sweating, increased heart rate, nervousness, weight loss, increased cell metabolism
2. is when ur eyes bulge out due to increase muscle and tissue growth behind the eye
3. an autoimmun disease where antibodies mimic Thyroid Stimulating Hormone so blood TH levels are high
4. ingest radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, or surgical removal of the thyroid

Front 20

1. purpose of calcitonin?
2. purpose of parathyroid glands?
3. symptoms of hyperparathyroidism
4. normally caused by
5. symptoms of hypothyroidism
6. caused by?

Back 20

1. lowers blood callcium in the blood and puts it in bone. it decreases the breakdown of bone and stimulates osteoblasts
2. they control blood calcium. they stimulates osteoclasts to release CA and put in intestines to decrease the loss of calcium in urine.
3. soft bone, weak muscles kidney stones because it takes away too much CA from bone to put in blood
4. tumor
5. muscle twitches and loss of sensation bc there is no CA in blood from muscle
6. removal of thyroid or trauma to glands

Front 21

1. what does the adrenal glands consist of
2. 3 layers of adrenal cortex

Back 21

1. cortex (outside) and medulla (middle) ** 2 endocrine glands
2. zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), zona fasiculata (glucocorticoids), zona reticularis (sex hormones)

Front 22

1. purpose of mineralcorticoids
2. purpose of glucocorticoids
3. purpose of gonadocorticos
4. most important type of minerolcorticoids; main goal?
4. what is aldosteronism

Back 22

1. balance of minerals and water (Na and K)
2. resist stress
3. make androgens (male sex hormones)
4. aldosterone; sodium balance through kidney
5. the hypersecretion of aldosterone; there is excess Na in blood and excess fluid volume (causes edema and high bp)

Front 23

1. what is addison's disease?
2. symptoms?

Back 23

1. hyposecretion of aldosterone.
2. low sodium in blood, hypotension, dehydreation alot of NA in pee

Front 24

1. what is the purpose of glucocorticoids?
2. most important one? function?
3. when are levels high?
4. how is secretion regulated?

Back 24

1. help regulate the metabolic rate of most cells in the body to resist stress
2. cortisol; gluconeogensis
3. severe stress (physical trauma, infections, hemorrhage, emotional trauma)
4. in the morning
5. negative feedback

Front 25

1. what is cushing's disease?
2. caused by?
3. symptoms?
4. most popular gonadocorticoids?

Back 25

1. have excess cortisol
2. clinical dose of cortisol
3. hypertension, edema, severe infections
4. testosterone

Front 26

1. what is the purpose of adrenal medulla?
2. what kind of tissue is adrenal medulla?
3. what kinds of hormone does pancreatic islets produce?
4. purpose of glucagon? how?

Back 26

1. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood to produce fight or flight response
2. neural tissue
3. alpha (makes glucagons) and beta (insulin)
4. raise glucose in blood; by breaking off glucosel.

Front 27

1. purpose of insulin
2. mechanism?

Back 27

1. lowers insulin in blood by transfering glucose from blood to muscle and fat cells
2. if there is HBS then the pancreas is qued to relase insulin, insulin stimulate glucose uptake from blood, and then its lowered. if there is LBS, then glucagon is relased and the simulates the break down, then its lowered

Front 28

1. what is diabetes mellitus?
2. where dose insulin target?
3. what is type 1 diabetes?
4. when do symptoms show up?

Back 28

1. insufficient insulin
2. liver, adipose, muscle
3. develops from an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islets
4. after 90% of the islets are gone

Front 29

1. what is type 2 diabetes?
2. what is the genetic component of diabetes?
3. what does the pineal gland do?

Back 29

1. inablity of tissues to respond to insulin
2. leptin which decrease response of cells to insulin
3. secrete melatonin (induces drowsiness)

Front 30

1. what organ shrinks with age? what does it do?
2. what does the heart secrete and what does that do?
3. what does the kidney do?
4. what does adipose do?

Back 30

1. thymus; roduce thymopoitins and thymosins that are involved in T cells and immune system
2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide that increases the production of salty urine. to decrease blood pressure and blood volume
3. erythropoetin signals bone marrow to increase red blood cells
4. release leptin in blood that signals fullness.

Front 31

1. what is in the blood?
2. ph of the blood
3. volume of blood in males? females?
4. functions of blood
5. what is plasma?made up of
6. what is the most important protein in plasma?

Back 31

1. erythrocytes 45% (red blood cells), leukocytes (WBC), platelets and plasma 55%
2. 7.35-7.45
3. 5-6; 4-5
4. distribution of gases nutrients, wastes, regulate body temp and pH, protection from blood loss and germs
5. sticky yellow fluid
6. 90% water and protein
7. albumin and it binds to certain drugs and transports them around the body and is a blood buffer (carrier molecule

Front 32

1. red blood cell is made up of
2. why is RBC flexible
3. what is the structure of hemoglobin?
4. when oxygen is bound to hemogloben is called... what color is it?
5. what oxygen detaches from hemoglobin its called.... what color is it?

Back 32

1. hemoglobin
2. picking up oxygen in lungs and transporting CO2 to the lungs
3. 2 alpha globins and heme and 2 beta and heme
4. bright red, oxyhemoglobin
5. dark redy ,deoxyhemoglobin

Front 33

1. when carbon dioxide is attached to hemoglobin, it is called
2. what is hemoatopoisis? where?
3. how is RBC made and what happens in each stage?

Back 33

1. carbaminohemoglobin
2. production of RBC; red bone marrow and epiphyses
3. stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast (gets hemoglobin), normoblast (nucleus goes away), reticulocyte and lastly erythrocyte

Front 34

1. what can you use to rate RBC formation?
2. what is produced by kidney cells when one has a low oxygen level? why?
3. why is erythropoetin abused by athletes, why is it bad?
3.

Back 34

1. reticulocyte count
2. erthropoietin because it stimulates red marrow to increase RBC production
3. RBC increase capacity of blood to increase stamina but it also thickens the blood to make it clot

Front 35

1. lifespan of RBC?
2. what happens when RBC dies?
3. what is anemia?
4. hemorrhagic anemia?
5. hemolytic anemia?

Back 35

1. 120 days
2. destroyed by macrophages, the iron is recycled and heme is degraded to a yellow pigment
3. inadeequate oxygen levels
4. blood loss
5. when RBC rupture

Front 36

1. what is in the blood?
2. ph of the blood
3. volume of blood in males? females?
4. functions of blood
5. what is plasma?made up of
6. what is the most important protein in plasma?

Back 36

1. erythrocytes 45% (red blood cells), leukocytes (WBC), platelets and plasma 55%
2. 7.35-7.45
3. 5-6; 4-5
4. distribution of gases nutrients, wastes, regulate body temp and pH, protection from blood loss and germs
5. sticky yellow fluid
6. 90% water and protein
7. albumin and it binds to certain drugs and transports them around the body and is a blood buffer (carrier molecule

Front 37

1. red blood cell is made up of
2. why is RBC flexible
3. what is the structure of hemoglobin?
4. when oxygen is bound to hemogloben is called... what color is it?
5. what oxygen detaches from hemoglobin its called.... what color is it?

Back 37

1. hemoglobin
2. picking up oxygen in lungs and transporting CO2 to the lungs
3. 2 alpha globins and heme and 2 beta and heme
4. bright red, oxyhemoglobin
5. dark redy ,deoxyhemoglobin

Front 38

1. when carbon dioxide is attached to hemoglobin, it is called
2. what is hemoatopoisis? where?
3. how is RBC made and what happens in each stage?

Back 38

1. carbaminohemoglobin
2. production of RBC; red bone marrow and epiphyses
3. stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast (gets hemoglobin), normoblast (nucleus goes away), reticulocyte and lastly erythrocyte

Front 39

1. what can you use to rate RBC formation?
2. what is produced by kidney cells when one has a low oxygen level? why?
3. why is erythropoetin abused by athletes, why is it bad?
3.

Back 39

1. reticulocyte count
2. erthropoietin because it stimulates red marrow to increase RBC production
3. RBC increase capacity of blood to increase stamina but it also thickens the blood to make it clot

Front 40

1. lifespan of RBC?
2. what happens when RBC dies?
3. what is anemia?
4. hemorrhagic anemia?
5. hemolytic anemia?

Back 40

1. 120 days
2. destroyed by macrophages, the iron is recycled and heme is degraded to a yellow pigment
3. inadeequate oxygen levels
4. blood loss
5. when RBC rupture

Front 41

1. aplastic anemia?
2. iron-deficiency anemia?
3. pernicious anemia?
4 18. What is Diapedesis
5. what does neutrophils do?
6. what does the granules contain

Back 41

1. destruction of red bone marrow or the RBM cant make it
2. not enough iron in the body
3. low b12 or intrinsic factor
4. Migration of white blood cells out of the blood vessels
5. ingest bacteria and fungi
6. peroxides and hydrolytic enzymes, and defensins

Front 42

1. what does eosinophils do?
2. what do basophils contain? what does it do?
3. where is lymphocytes found? 2 types? where do it grow?
4. what does monocytes do?

Back 42

1. attack against parasitic worms because they cant eat bacteria
2. histamine which makes blood vessels leaky and attracts WBC to inflamed site
3. lymphoid tissue, t cells ( thymus gland), b lymphocytes (bone marrow
4. turn into macrophages

Front 43

1. what do platelets do? regulated by?
2. what triggers clot formation?
3. during plug formation what is secreted
4. what does platelet-derived growth factor do?

Back 43

1. clotting; thrombopoetin
2. damage to endothelium
3. serotonin to help reduce blood loss, ADP, attracts for more platelets, thromboxane A2
4. stimulates repair of blood vessel

Front 44

1. what does plasmin do?
2. what does heparin do? aka?
3. what are thromoboembolytic disorder?
4. what is a thrombus?
5. what s a embolus?

Back 44

1. dissolve away clot
2. prevent clotting warfarm
3. inappropriate clotting
4. clot that blocks a blood vessel
5. moving clot

Front 45

1. what does aspirin do?]
2. what is thrombocytopenia? caused by
3. what causes hemophilias

Back 45

1. inhibits thromboxne a2 to prevent clot formation
2. prolonged bleeding; platelet number is low
3. hemo A, a defincienty in clotting factor 8, hemo B, a deficiency in clotting factor 9, hemo C, a definciy n CF 11

Front 46

1. what is blood?
2. what is normal hemocrit?
3. what cell doesnt have a nucleus
4. 5. Which of the following is the most abundant constituent of plasma?
5. function of erythrocytes?

Back 46

1. connective tissue
2. 45%
3. erythrocytes
4. water
5. gas transportation

Front 47

1. what does CO2 bind to?
2. 9. What is hematopoiesis?
3. What is the key signal that stimulates special kidney cells to produce erythropoietin?
4.What is the function of erythropoietin?
5.Which of the following disorders would most likely require treatment with Erythropoietin

Back 47

1. polypeptide globin
2. The production of red blood cells
3. low oxygen levels
4. C. To stimulate the red bone marrow to increase blood cell production
5. kidney disease

Front 48

1.Which of the following would cause Jaundice (yellow coloring in the whites of the eyes
2. Which of the following anemias results in the production of small, pale red blood cells or microcytes
3. Blood doping is……..?
4. What is Diapedesis?

Back 48

1. Excess bilirubin in the blood
2. iron deficieny anemia
3. A method of increasing hematocrit
4. Migration of white blood cells out of the blood vessels

Front 49

1. Which of the following cells is the most numerous Granulocyte in the blood?
2. Which of the following plays a key role in plug formation after trauma to a blood vessel?
3. What is the function of prostacyclin (PGI2)?
4. 21. Which of the following cell types can digest parasites but not bacteria?
5. 24. What is the role of Thrombin during the formation of a blood clot?

Back 49

1. . Neutrophils
2. Thrombocytes
3. To repel platelets and prevent plug formation
4. Eosinophils X
5. C. It stimulates the production of Fibrin

Front 50

1. 25. What is the function of Plasmin?
2. What is an embolus
3. 27. Hemophilia is caused by a deficiency of which of the following?
4. What blood types can be donated to a person who is B-?

Back 50

1. dissolve clots
2. B. A blood clot that breaks away form the location where it was formed
3. clotting factors
4. B-, O-

Front 51

29. What antibodies are present in the blood of a person who is type O?
2. What is a hormone?
3. Which molecule is responsible for the production of cyclic AMP?
4. What do the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary and the Adrenal Medulla have in common?
5. What is the Neurohypophysis?

Back 51

1. D. Anti A and anti B X
2. B. A chemical that regulates normal cell metabolism
3. B. Adenylate Cyclase
4. C. They are composed of neural tissue
5. A. The Posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland and the Infundibulum

Front 52

1. Which hormones are transported in the Hypothalamic Hypophyseal Tract
2. What is a Trophic Hormone
3. The release of which of the following hormones is regulated by hypothalamic hormones?
3, Hormones of which gland are primarily released to help the body deal with stress?

Back 52

1. B. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) X
2. C. A hormone that regulates the secretory activity of endocrine glands
3. A. Growth Hormone (GH)
B. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
C. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
3. adrenal

Front 53

1. 10. Release of which of the following hormones is controlled by dopamine in males and by estrogen in females?
2. 11. A deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is the cause of
3. 12. What is/are the possible causes of Myxedema?
4. What is the function of Calcitonin
5. 14. What is the most important hormone for controlling blood calcium

Back 53

1. prolactin
2. diabetes insipudius
3. iodine deficiency
4. decrease blood calcium
5. parathyroid hormone

Front 54

1. The Mineralocorticoids are produced by which layer of the Adrenal Cortex?
2. . What is the cause of Cushing's disease
3. 17. What cells in the pancreas produce Insulin
4. 19. In Diabetes Mellitus the urine is
5. 20. Which of the following organs/tissue have not yet been shown to secrete hormones?

Back 54

1. B. Zona Glomerulosa
2. D. Excess Cortisol
3. beta cells
4. sweet
5. lungs