Biology 1010 Test 4

Front 1

What is Ecology?

Back 1

The scientific investigation of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment.

Front 2

What are the four laws of ecology?

Back 2

1. Everything is connected to everything else

2.Everything must go somewhere

3. Nature knows best

4. There is no such thing as a free lunch (every benefit has it's costs

Front 3

Why is climate important in biology?

Back 3

It is a major factor in contributing to species distributions in ecosystems.

Front 4

What are the four spheres of the climate system?

Back 4

1.Biosphere (life)

2.Hydrosphere (water)

3.Geosphere (land)

4.Atmosphere (air)

Front 5

In what direction does latitude run?

Back 5

left to right

Front 6

in what direction does longitude run?

Back 6

up and down

Front 7

the central longitude line is the ________ it divides the earth into _________ and _____________ hemispheres.

Back 7

Prime Meridian

Eastern

Western

Front 8

The central latitude line is the _________ it divides the earth into __________ and ____________ hemispheres.

Back 8

Equator

Northern

Southern

Front 9

The atmospheric layer closest to the earth is the___________

Back 9

Troposphere

Front 10

The ozone layer is part of the ___________

Back 10

Stratosphere

Front 11

What is climate?

Back 11

the Average patterns of temperature, wind, humidity, and precipitation, and other variables in a region over a long period of time.

Front 12

What is weather?

Back 12

Atmospheric conditions over a short period of time

Front 13

The primary source of energy for the earths climate system is __________

Back 13

The sun

Front 14

Earths surface is heated unevenly due to it's __________

Back 14

Curvature

Front 15

Seasonal weather variations occur due to the earth's ____________

Back 15

axial tilt

Front 16

In june the earths northern hemisphere is tilted (toward or away) from the sun?

Back 16

toward

Front 17

Circling surface currents in the ocean are called?

Back 17

Gyres

Front 18

Ocean current patterns are affected by?

Back 18

Prevailing winds

Earths rotation

unequal heating of surface waters

locations and shapes of continents

Front 19

Wind movements are caused by differences in ______________, which are caused by differences in _______________

Back 19

Atmospheric pressure

temperature

Front 20

Compared with cooler air warm air is (more, less) dense, (lower,higher) pressure, can hold (more, less) moisture , (rises, falls)

Back 20

less

lower

more

rises

Front 21

Tropic climate zones on earth occur mainly between the tropic of ___________and the tropic of ____________ on either side of the ____________

Back 21

cancer

capiercon

Equator

Front 22

Most hot deserts occur where cool dry air falls at __________ and ____________ of the equator

Back 22

30n and 30s of equator

Front 23

rainshadow deserts often occur on the inland side of

Back 23

mountains

Front 24

What is the biosphere?

Back 24

all living organisms on in or above earth

Front 25

what is a biome?

Back 25

large geographical area of distinctive plant and animal groups that adapted to the particular climate.

Front 26

What is migration?

Back 26

annual long distance movement of animals usually on a seasonal basis

Front 27

What can trigger animal migrations?

Back 27

Changes in day length

Temperature

hormonal changes linked to annual reproductive cycles and migrations

Front 28

two life processes that naturally affect oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere are _____________ and ______________

Back 28

photosynthesis and respiration

Front 29

two important greenhouse gases are ________________and ____________

Back 29

Carbon-Dioxide and Methane

Front 30

What is an ecosystem?

Back 30

a community of interacting populations that also interact with the enviornment

Front 31

An ecosystem consists of ____________ and ____________ components

Back 31

biotic and abiotic

Front 32

What is an ecological niche?

Back 32

a species' role or position in the ecosystem

Front 33

Can two species successfully occupy the same niche?

Back 33

no

Front 34

What is niche overlap? what happens when niches overlap?

Back 34

niche overlap is when two or more species she one or more resources. when niches overlap the species compete for the same resource

Front 35

what is the source of energy for producers?

consumers?

decomposers?

Back 35

producers = the sun

consumers= plants and animals

decomposers= detritus (animal wastes, plant litter, and dead organisms)

Front 36

what is an autotroph?

Back 36

an organism that makes its own food usually through photosynthesis

Front 37

What is a Heterotroph?

Back 37

an organism that cannot make it's own food so it has to find other ways like eating other animals or plants

Front 38

What is the essential role of decomposers in an ecosystem?

Back 38

they recycle nutrients throughout the ecosystem, and break down complex molecules into chemical components

Front 39

The two dynamic processes that sustain an ecosystem are?

Back 39

1.energy flow through the ecosystem

2. Chemical cycling through the ecosystem

Front 40

------------ flows through the ecosystem, and ----------- cycle within the ecosystem

Back 40

energy and chemicals

Front 41

with every use of chemical energy ----------- is lost to it's surondings

Back 41

Heat

Front 42

Energy moves through an ecosystem according to it's -------------

Back 42

trophic structure

Front 43

What is Trophic structure?

Back 43

the pattern of feeding relationships within an ecosystem

Front 44

the foundation of trophic structures is -------------

Back 44

the producers or autotrophs

Front 45

Primary consumers are ------------- which eat --------------

Back 45

Herbivores eat producers

Front 46

What is primary production in an ecosystem?

Back 46

total biomass of an ecosystem

total amount of energy available to the ecosystem

sets energy budget for ecosystems

Front 47

the energy budget of an ecosystem is set by the amount of

Back 47

total biomass

primary production

Front 48

At each trophic level, ------- of energy consumed is lost as heat, and ------- is stored as biomass

Back 48

90% lost

10% stored

Front 49

Given 20,000 Kcal as the total energy budget for the following tropic structure fill in the number of energy lost and stored

Biomass heat

Tertiary (fox)

Secondary

primary con

producer 20,000kcal 0

Back 49

Biomass Heat

Tertiary 20 180

secondary 200 1800

primary 2,000 18000

producer 20,000 0

Front 50

In a trophic cascade ----------- limit the number of ------------ which increases the survival of ------------

Back 50

predators limit prey which increases the survival of the next lowest trophic level

Front 51

in an ecosystem that depends on trophic cascade , loss of predators results in (increase, Decreased) population of herbivores, and consequently in (increase, decrease) of -----------

Back 51

increased

decrease

producers

Front 52

How did the loss of sharks affect some ecosystems?

Back 52

it increased the population of rays

decreased the population of shellfish

collapsed shellfisheries

Front 53

How did reintroducing wolves into yellowstone park restore the rivers?

Back 53

they kept the deer to certain areas allowing more animals to return, which regenerated the forest which stabilized the banks and stopped soil erosion

Front 54

in an ecosystem bottom up processes determine the -------- of resources, whereas top down processes (trophic cascades) determine the ---------- of resources.

Back 54

determine flow of resources

determine resource distribution

Front 55

place the water cycle in order

Back 55

evaporation, condensation, percipitation, infiltration

Front 56

Infiltration is important because it refills

Back 56

Groundwater storage

Front 57

Impervious sources reduce ----------------- and accelerate ------------ of percipitation

Back 57

groundwater storage

runoff

Front 58

What are the four important functions of the oceans as the earths life support system?

Back 58

1. provide 50- 70 percent of out oxegen

2. regulate climate

3. absorb carbon dioxide

4. hold 97% of earths water

Front 59

What are the four major environmental factors that affect where species live in the oceans

Back 59

1. Water temperature

2. dissolved oxygen

3. Salinity

4. sunlight

Front 60

In the oceans, surface water is (colder, warmer) than bottom water

Back 60

Warmer

Front 61

What is salinity?

Back 61

the amount of dissolved salt

Front 62

salinity is determined by the balance between the ---------- and -----------

Back 62

evaporation and freshwater input

Front 63

the foundation of nearly all marine trophic structures is -------------- which consists of two types ---------- and --------------.

Back 63

plankton

phytoplankton (photosynthetic algae)

zooplankton (marine invertabrates)

Front 64

The coral animal is a ------------- and has tentacles containing -----------

Back 64

animal

nematocysts

Front 65

most corals contain nutrients from ------------ that live in their cells.

Back 65

photosynthetic algae

Front 66

What is coral bleaching?

Back 66

warm water temperature stresses the coral and causes the polyps to eject algae

Front 67

What are the two forms of ventillation used by sharks

Back 67

mouth ventilation

ram ventilation

Front 68

What produces bioluminesence?

Back 68

light producing bacteria

light producing reactions in cells

Front 69

What sort of animal is a sea pig?

Back 69

a type of sea cucumber

Front 70

The deepest spot of the earth is ---------------, located in the -----------

Back 70

challenger deep

marianas trench

Front 71

What are hydrothermal vents? What is in the "smoke" from vents?

Back 71

chimney like undersea geysers

minerals (sulfer, methane, amonia)

Front 72

What kinds of life do hydrothermal vents support? What are the primary producers in these communities?

Back 72

chemeosynthetic bacteria

Front 73

What is the greenhouse effect?

Back 73

the greenhouse effect is where the atmosphere acts like a greenhouse to the earth trapping in the atmosperic heat from the sun to warm the earth

Front 74

What is climate change?

Back 74

significant and persistent change in average or extreme weather changes over a long period

Front 75

What are the two primary factors that affect the amount of solar energy leaving earths climate system

Back 75

refelectivity of earths surface

absorbation of earths atmosphere

Front 76

rank the following according the their ability to absorb solar energy

water snow ice

Back 76

water

snow

ice

Front 77

how do scientists estimate the temperature and carbon dioxide levels in ancient atmospheres?

Back 77

carbon pockets trapped in ice

Front 78

for the past 800,000 years, the temperature of earth on earth has been correlates with atmospheric contractions of which greenhouse gas?

Back 78

co2

Front 79

until 2008, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels never exceeded -------- ppm

Back 79

400

Front 80

What is the source of the additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Back 80

due to combustion of fossil fuels and deforrestation

Front 81

what is the positive feedback mechanism that is accelerating the melting of glaciers and ice sheets?

Back 81

climate change means warmer temperatures which melts the glaciers

Front 82

there are currently about --------- billion people living in the world

Back 82

7 billion

Front 83

what is the world biggest cause of infection?

Back 83

lack of sanitation

Front 84

what factors contribute to the success of water.org?

Back 84

local partners and community members

Front 85

how are increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels,increased global temperatures and worldwide global changes related?

Back 85

they are all caused by human and are effects of each other.