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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscles that move our legs
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-contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch
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Slow-Twitch Fibers
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-generate less power
-last longer -generate ATP using oxygen |
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Fast-Twitch Fibers
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-generate more power
-fatigue much more quickly -can generate ATP without using oxygen |
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Photosynthesis
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-uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules
-animals depend on plants to convert solar energy to: chemical energy of sugars and other molecules we consume as food |
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Autotrophs
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-self-feeders
-make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients -producers because ecosystems depend upon them for food |
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Heterotrophs
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-other-feeders
-include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones -consumers because they eat plants or other animals |
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Ingredients for photosynthesis
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-carbon dioxide and water
-CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant's leaves -H2O is obtained from the damp soil through a plant's roots |
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Chloroplasts in the cells of leaves
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-use light energy to rearrange the atoms of CO2 and H2O which produces sugars, other organic molecules, and oxygen
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Cellular Respiration
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-performed by plant and animal cells
-chemical process that primarily occurs in mitochondria, harvests energy stored in organic molecules, uses oxygen, and generates ATP -waste products are CO2 and H2O and used in photosynthesis -the main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP -an aerobic process which means it requires oxygen -animals perform only cellular respiration -plants perform photosynthesis and cellular respiration -closely related to breathing -requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings: cells take in oxygen gas and cells release waste carbon dioxide gas -common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is glucose -can produce up to 38 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule consumed -during this process, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners: hydrogen and its electrons go from sugar to oxygen, forming water and this is why oxygen is so vital to cellular respiration |
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Redox Reactions
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-chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another
-also called oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Oxidation
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-the loss of electrons during a redox reaction
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Reduction
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-the acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction
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Cellular Respiration (2)
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-during this process, glucose is oxidized while oxygen is reduced
-"fall" of electrons releases energy during cellular respiration -a controlled fall of electrons -a stepwise cascade much like going down a staircase -an example of a metabolic pathway, which is a series of chemical reactions in cells -can burn diverse types of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
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NADH and Electron Transport Chain
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-the path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps
-first step: an electron acceptor called NAD+ (the transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH) -the rest of the path consists of an electron transport chain which involves a series of redox reactions and ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP |
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Stage 1 of Cellular Respiration
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-glycolysis
-a six-carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid -these two molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+ forming NADH -uses two ATP molecules per glucose to split the six-carbon glucose -makes four additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP -produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule -occurs in almost all organisms -is a metabolic heirloom of the first stage in the breakdown of organic molecules -could be used by ancient bacteria to make ATP when little oxygen was available and before organelles evolved -does not require oxygen -produces two ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid |
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Stage 2 of Cellular Respiration
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-the citric acid cycle
-completes the breakdown of sugars -pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first "prepped" -extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules all the way down to CO2 -uses some of this energy to make ATP -forms NADH and FADH2 |
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Stage 3 of Cellular Respiration
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-Electron transport
-electron transport releases the energy your cells need to make the most of their ATP -molecules of the electron transport chain are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria -the chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membran -these ions store potential energy -when the hydrogen ions flow back through the membrane they release energy -the hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase |
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ATP Synthase
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-takes the energy from this flow
-synthesizes ATP |
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Cyanide
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-deadly poison
-binds to one of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain -prevents the passage of electrons to oxygen -stops the production of ATP |
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Fermentation
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-the anaerobic (without oxygen) harvest of food energy
-some of your cells can actually work for short periods without oxygen -after functioning anaerobically for about 15 seconds muscle cells will begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation -relies on glycolysis to produce ATP -is able to sustain many types of microorganisms -lactic acid produced by microbes using fermentation is used to produce cheese, sour cream, and yogurt dairy products; soy sauce, pickles, and olives; and sausage meat products |
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Yeasts
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-a type of microscopic fungus that use a different type of fermentation
-produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid |
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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-used to produce beer, wine, and breads
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