Biology 1 Unit 1

Front 1

similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Back 1

All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across a cell membrane and require chemical energy for some cellular processes.

Front 2

differences of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Back 2

eukaryotic cells of membrane bound nucleus, prokaryotic do not.

Front 3

what did darwin contribute to biology?

Back 3

Natural Selection, considered to be the process of evolution.

Front 4

when and where did darwin do his famous work?

Back 4

In 1831, he embarked on a five-year survey voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle.

Front 5

what was the name of Darwin's book and when was it published?

Back 5

On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859

Front 6

What is evolution and how does it occur?

Back 6

Evolution is the change of populations over a long period of time. It occurs at the genetic level slowly mutating and recombining differently during reproduction.

Front 7

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Back 7

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Front 8

The 4 E's

Back 8

Electronegativity, Evolution, Emergent properties, and Enzymes

Front 9

Electronegativity

Back 9

The electronegativity of an element helps us to determine how much it will want to either gain or lose electrons in a chemical reaction. This is great for knowing if a reaction will occur or not. Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Front 10

Evolution

Back 10

Evolution is the only scientific explanation for the diversity of life. It explains thestriking similarities among vastly different forms of life, the changes that occur withinpopulations, and the development of new life forms.

Front 11

Emergent Properties

Back 11

Any unique property that "emerges" when component objects are joined together in constraining relations to "construct" a higher-level aggregateobject

Molecule

Front 12

Enzymes

Back 12

Enzymes are the sparks that start the essential chemical reactions our bodies need to live. They are necessary for digesting food, for stimulating the brain, for providing cellular energy, and for repairing all tissues, organs, and cells.

Front 13

What is the difference between an element, a compound, and a molecule?

Back 13

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.

Front 14

Common Naturally Occurring elements in your body?

Back 14

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon 96.2%

Front 15

What does the configuration (layout) of the periodic table tell you about the elements, the number of valence electrons, and their ability to form chemical bonds?

Back 15

On the right side of the periodic table is a dividing line resembling a staircase. To the left of the staircase lie the metals, and to the right of the staircase lie the nonmetals. elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The 18 vertical columns of the table are called groups orfamilies, while the seven horizontal rows are called periods and correspond to the seven principal quantum energy levels, n = 1 through n = 7.

Front 16

What is a covalent bond?

Back 16

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Front 17

What is a polar covalent bond?

Back 17

Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not equally shared because one atom spends more time with the electrons than the other atom. In polar covalent bonds, one atom has a stronger pull than the other atom and attracts electrons

Front 18

What is a non polar covalent bond?

Back 18

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other.

Front 19

What is electronegativity and how does it influence the type of covalent bonding that occurs among elements?

Back 19

Electronegativity is the strength an atom has to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself.

The larger the value of the electronegativity, the greater the atom’s strength to attract a bonding pair of electrons

Electronegativities give information about what will happen to the bonding pair of electrons when two atoms bond

Front 20

What is an ionic bond?

Back 20

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.

Front 21

What are hydrogen bonds?

Back 21

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Front 22

What are reactants? What are products?

Back 22

Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction, and products are substances that are produced in the reaction.

Front 23

What is equilibrium?

Back 23

chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.

Front 24

Emergent Properties of water?

Back 24

Cohesion; adhesion.

Moderation of ambient temperature.

Insulation of bodies of water by floating ice.

Water as a solvent:

Front 25

Why is water polar?

Back 25

A water molecule, because of its shape, is a polar molecule. That is, it has one side that is positively charged and one side that is negatively charged. The molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The bonds between the atoms are called covalent bonds, because the atoms share electrons.

Front 26

What is cohesion?

Back 26

The attraction between molecules of similar substances (itself)

Front 27

What is adhesion?

Back 27

Water is ‘wet’ because it sticks to things. This is because its molecules can form hydrogen bonds with other polar substances.

Front 28

How does this contribute to the importance of water in biology?

Back 28

It explains the differences in charges it has.

Front 29

What is the importance of water in relation to temperature? Why is this important?

Back 29

The most noticeable of its physical properties is that it is a liquid at room temperature, which is unusual for compounds with molecules of a similar atomic composition.Water has a high latent heat of vaporization which means a lot of energy is required to evaporate it.water is a good insulator it has a high heat capacity.

Front 30

When is water least dense? Why is this important?

Back 30

Water is least dense at 0C or 32 F

freezing point of water, creating ice

Front 31

What is a solvent?

Back 31

A solvent is any liquid that dissolves a liquid, solid, or gas.

Front 32

What is a solute?

Back 32

A solute is a substance that is dissolved in the solvent

Front 33

Is water a “universal solvent”?

Back 33

Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances, which is why it is such a good solvent. And, water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. This is important to every living thing on earth.

Front 34

What makes water such a good solvent?

Back 34

It is water's chemical composition and physical attributes that make it such an excellent solvent. Water molecules have a polar arrangement of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge. This allows the water molecule to become attracted to many other different types of molecules.

Front 35

What does hydrophobic mean?

Back 35

tending to repel or fail to mix with water.

Front 36

What does hydrophilic mean?

Back 36

having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.

Front 37

What is a hydroxide ion?

Back 37

Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.

Front 38

What is a hydrogen ion?

Back 38

The hydrogen nucleus is made up of a particle carrying a unit positive electric charge, called a proton. The isolated hydrogen ion, represented by the symbol H +, is therefore customarily used to represent a proton.

Front 39

Explain the pH scale.

Back 39

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic.

Front 40

How many hydrogen ions are there in a solution of pH 7? 8? 9?

Back 40

1x10^-7, 1x10^-8, 1x10^-9

Front 41

How many hydroxide ions are there in a solution of pH 7? 4? 3? 11?

Back 41

.0000001 at 7, .0000000001 at 4, .00000000001 at 3, and .001 at 11.

Front 42

What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in a pH 8 solution?

Back 42

0 at 7, .1 at 8, and .01 at 9

Front 43

What does organic mean?

Back 43

any substance containing carbon-based compounds, especially produced by or derived from living organisms.

Front 44

What are hydrocarbons?

Back 44

a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.

Front 45

What is a functional group?

Back 45

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of theclass of compounds in which the group occurs

Front 46

Name and describe the seven most common functional groups.

Back 46

hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl.

Front 47

hydroxyl

Back 47

-OH

alcohols

always polar

can form hydrogen bonds w/ H2O molecules

Front 48

methyl

Back 48

CH₃

addition of it to RNA/DNA affects gene expression

Front 49

carbonyl

Back 49

>COKETONE

if is within skeleton

ALDEHYDE if group is at end of skeleton

K & A may be structural isomers

determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

Front 50

amino

Back 50

-NH₂

amines

acts as a base, can pick up H+ ions from surrounding solution

ionized w/ charge of 1⁺

Front 51

phosphate

Back 51

-OPO₃²⁻

organic phosphates

contributes negative charge to molecule it is part of

potential to react w/ H2O

Front 52

carboxyl

Back 52

-COOH

carboxylic acids

has acidic properties (source of hydrogen ions)

found in cells in ionized form with charge oh 1⁻

Front 53

sulfhydryl

Back 53

-SH

thiols

crosslinking helps stabilize protein structure

Front 54

What is polar?

Back 54

having electrical or magnetic polarity.

Front 55

Non-polar?

Back 55

containing no permanently dipolar molecules; lacking a dipole.

Front 56

What is a monomer?

Back 56

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Front 57

What is a polymer?

Back 57

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

Front 58

What is a condensation reaction?

Back 58

the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.

Front 59

What is a dehydration reaction?

Back 59

dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule.

Front 60

What is hydrolysis?

Back 60

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Front 61

What are some other more scientific names for sugars and their polymers? What is the difference in the terms?

Back 61

glucose and sucrose

glucose is the sugar that is used in our bodies.

sucrose is sugar from a sugar cane.

Front 62

What types of bond hold sugar units together?

Back 62

Covalent Bonds

Front 63

What are two specific functions for polysaccharides?

Back 63

Polysaccharides generally perform one of two functions: energy storage or structural support.

Front 64

Starch or glycogen, structural and functional differences.

Back 64

Correct, starch is found in plants and glycogen in animals. BUT, glycogen is found in all animal cells, not just muscle cells. Glycogen is present in the highest amounts in both muscle and liver cells, where it appears as large granules.

Front 65

What are the structural units of lipids?

Back 65

Lipids consist of a glycerol molecule with fatty acids attached; in the case of triglycerides there are 3 fatty acids attached to one glycerol molecule.

Front 66

What are two specific functions for lipids?

Back 66

1. Store energy (for longer usage as compared to carbohydrates)

2. Shock absorber (Protect vital organs in case of shock)

Front 67

What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

Back 67

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. This is because saturated andunsaturated fats differ in their chemical structures.

Front 68

What is the structure of a steroid?

Back 68

Steroids can be defined by their chemical structure. We see that steroids are organic compounds that contain four rings of carbon atoms. Specifically, we see that all steroids have three 6-sided carbon rings and one 5-sided carbon ring.

Front 69

Name two functions of steroids

Back 69

They regulate metabolism, immune response, reproduction and other essential biological processes,

Front 70

What does amphipathic mean?

Back 70

(of a molecule, especially a protein) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Front 71

What part of a lipid is hydrophobic?

hydrophilic?

Back 71

The tails of lipids are hydrophobic and the heads are hydrophilic

Front 72

What is a polypeptide made of?

Back 72

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids.

Front 73

How many different amino acids are there?

Back 73

20Essential Amino Acids. Of the 20 amino acids in your body's proteins, nine are essential to your diet because your cells cannot manufacture them: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine.

Front 74

How are amino acids categorized?

Back 74

Amino acids are categorized into three groups based on the nature of the side chain.

Polar, Non-polar, and electrically charged

Front 75

What type of reaction is used to make a protein?

Back 75

dehydration reactions

Front 76

What is the name of the bond between amino acids?

Back 76

The bond that holds together the two amino acids is a peptide bond, or a covalent chemical bond between two compounds

Front 77

Name two functions for proteins.

Back 77

The main functions of protein in the body is the build and maintain body tissue and muscles, to aid in the growth of hair, skin and nails.

Front 78

Use hemoglobin as an example to describe the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a protein.

Back 78

IDK

Front 79

What is denaturation? How does it occur?

Back 79

Denaturation is when a protein or nucleic acid loses some to all of its function. Usually, denaturation refers to enzymes (a type of protein).

Denaturation can occur when proteins and nucleic acids are subjected to elevated temperature or to extremes of pH

Front 80

What are nucleic acids?

Back 80

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Front 81

What is the monomer that makes them up?

Back 81

Nucleotides

All nucleic acids are made up of the same building blocks (monomers). Chemists call the monomers "nucleotides." The five pieces are uracil,cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.

Front 82

What is the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine?

Back 82

Purines have a two ring structure, and pyrimidine has one ring. Purine is the bigger of the two. The Purines in DNA are Adenine and Guanine, the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. In RNA the purines are the same as DNA, and they pyrimidines are uracil and cytosine. Uracil is the RNA substitute for thymine.

Front 83

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide? Similarity?

Back 83

While nucleotides in DNA have deoxyribose sugar (C5H10O3), nucleotides in RNA contain ribose sugar (C5H10O5)

Both DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides that have different compositions.

DNA and RNA contain vital genetic code important for the functioning of our body cells.

Front 84

Describe the hierarchy of biological organization.

Back 84

The biological levels of organization of living things arranged from the simplest to most complex are: organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Front 85

give an example of organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere.

Back 85

Organelle: Nucleus

Cells: human blood cell

Tissues: muscle tissue

Organs: liver

Organ Systems: nervous system

Organisms: animals plants humans

Populations: people in Florida

Communities: a forest of trees

Ecosystem: a lake

Biosphere: any big land mass where anything can live.

Front 86

What are the properties of life?

Back 86

Properties of Life. All living organisms share several key characteristics or functions: order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing.