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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain TheCerebrum· |
4 Cerebral Lobes: Frontal lobe (front top) Parietal lobe (back top) Temporal lobe (front bottom Occitipal lobe (back bottom) Dividedalong the midline (medial longitudinal fissure into two cerebralhemispheres |
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Brain What is the mini brain called |
Cerebellum |
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Brain What are the three parts of the brain stem |
Thalamus Hypothalamus Mesencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata |
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Brain What are the folds and bulges of the Cerebral Cortex? |
The outermost part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex Outward bulge is known as a gyri (gyrus) Inward fold is known as a sulci (sulcus) Thinsheet of tissue (3mm) Primarilygrey matter Extensivelyconvoluted (folded) for a large surface area to fit withing restricted cranialvolume; (4x as much) compared to if laid out flat |
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Brain What does the Cerebrum do? |
Consciousthought processes Intellectual functions Memorystorage and processing Largest component of the human brain |
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Brain What does the Thalamus do? |
Relay and processing centres for sensory information |
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Brain What does the Hypothalamus do? |
Mastergland located at the base of the neck Centresfor controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production |
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Brain What does the Pons do? |
Relayssensory information to cerebellum and thalamus Bridge (between cerebrum and cerebellum) Fine tunes breathing rates Automatic respiration |
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Brain What does the Cerebellum do? |
Coordinatescomplex somatic motor patterns |
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Brain What does the MedullaOblongata do? |
Relayssensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem Autonomiccentre for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory anddigestive system) Links brain and spinal cord Most caudal part of brain |
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Neurons What are Microglialcells ? |
Neurons provide the signal, microglial cells provide support. Becoming recognised as important support to neuron (means glue) e.g. · Astrocyte– star shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord |
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Neurons Function of the Cellbody? |
Contain the organelles that maintain the life of the cell |
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Neurons Function of the Nucleus? |
Contains genetic information for the cell DNA |
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Neurons Function of the Dendrites? |
Receive incoming signal |
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Neurons Function of the Axon? |
Sends neural impulse action potential to terminal |
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Neurons Function of theMyelinSheath? |
Protective layer on nerve cell, speeds up action potential Degradation can lead to MS |
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Neurons Function of the Synapse? |
Contact point between two connected neurons Synapticcleft |
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Neurons
What is neuron Differentiation? |
Neurons arecells, they start life as stem cells and then to become neurons they go throughDifferentiation |
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Neurons What is saltatory conduction? |
When actionpotential jumps from node to node along the gaps in the myelinatedareas of the axon - Nodes of Ranvier
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What are Neurotransmitters? |
Chemicalsthat allow one neuron to pass on signals to another e.g. Dopamine |
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What is the neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine (Ach) |
Enables muscle action, learning and memory Degradation: Alzheimer’s disease Ach producing neurons deteriorate |
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What is the neurotransmitter: Dopamine |
Influences movement, learning, attention and emotion Excess Dopamine receptor activity linked to Schizophrenia Starved of dopamine the brain produces tremors and the reduced mobility of Parkinson’s disease |
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What is the neurotransmitter: Seratonin |
Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal Under supply linked to depression Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels |
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What is the neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine |
Helps control alertness and arousal Under supply can depress mood |
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What is the neurotransmitter: GABA (gamma amino butyric acid |
A major inhibitory transmitter Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia |
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What is the neurotransmitter: Glutamate |
A major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory Oversupply can overstimulate brain , producing migraines or seizures (avoid MSG in food) |
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Movement What is the PrimaryMotor Cortex? |
Movement starts in the brain at the Primary Motor Cortex – which maps to every body part. Controlsvoluntary movement of the opposite (contralateral side of the body) Different from pre-motor cortex |
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Movement What is the Pre-motorcortex? |
Locatedanterior to the primary motor cortex Responsiblefor some aspects of motor control Preparationfor movement Sensoryguidance for movement Respondingto arbitrary stimuli |
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Movement What is theThe Supplementary Motor Area SMA? |
Lieson mid line surface of hemisphere just anterior to PMC Involved in sequence of movement andbilateral coordination |
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Pain |
test |
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What is biologicalpsychology? |
Thestudy of the biological basis of thoughts, emotions and behaviours Allthoughts, feeling & behaviour ultimately have a biological origin – thebrain Allthat is psychological is first physiological Seeksto define and explain behaviour in terms of the activity of the brain andnervous system |
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There are threekey aspects to the biological perspective: |
1. Physiology – how the nervous system andhormones work, how the brain functions, how changes in structure and/orfunction can affect behaviour 2. Comparative method – different species of animal can bestudied and compared. This can help in the search to understand human behaviour. 3. Investigation of inheritance: genetics |
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Different psychological perspectives: |
Depression Biological approach mayseek to understand this condition in terms of abnormal changes in the levels ofneurotransmitters like serotonin. Cognitive perspective meanwhile willattempt to explain in terms of persistent negative thoughts and feelings ofworthlessness. |
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The Brain– Fact of Fiction?
#1we only use 20% of our brains |
FALSE Certain parts ofour brains may be more active than others when we are performing certainfunctions. But all parts of our brain serve some function and are used at some point |
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The Brain – Fact of Fiction? #2 some people are left brained and some people are right |
FALSE Itis often speculated that some people of left-brained, logical and analyticalwhilst some are right-brained, creative and artistic. There is little evidenceto support this view (although there is a lateralisation of functionwhich probably led to this myth |
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The Brain – Fact of Fiction? #3men have bigger brains than women |
TRUE Malebrains are generally larger than female brains, on average (as males are largerin general and brain size roughly correlates with body size). However there isno indication that intelligence correlates with brain size |
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The Brain – Fact of Fiction? #4drinking alcohol kills brain cells |
FALSE Consideringthe uncoordinated movement, slurred speech. Impaired memory and generalstupidity exhibited when we are drunk it is easy to see why this is a commonbelief! Alcohol interferes with neural communication, but does not directlykill brain cells (but it can still kill you) |
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The Brain – Fact of Fiction? #5 you can service massive brain injury |
TRUE It depends which part; damage to thebrainstem will invariably result in death. Damage to other areas however neednot, necessarily be fatal. However there may be other far-reaching consequencesof massive brain injury |
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CentralNervous System CNS |
Brain Spinal cord –key role, processes information, translates into action |
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Thespinal cord has three major functions: |
As a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord towards effector organs As a conduit for sensory information from receptor cells and fields in opposite direction As a centre for coordinating certain reflexes (spinal reflexes) |
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Brainis greedy |
Only 2% of body weight Gets 15% of blood supply Uses 25% of daily energy |
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Dissection of Brain |
Frontal Lobe– front top half Pre-frontalLobe – first part (anterior) of front top half Medial(Midline ßLateral(Midline àRostral -frontCaudal -back Ventral/Anterior– in front of/toward the front Dorsal/Posterior– behind/toward the back§ Anatomical Directions– Superior(above)– Inferior(below) |
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Brain Regions 4 or 6 major divisions |
1. Cerebrum (1) 2. Diencephalon (2) 3. Brainstem a. Midbrain (3) b. Pons (4) c. Medulla oblongata (5) 4. Cerebellum (6) |
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TheBrainstem |
A bridge between the spinal cord and the cerebral hemispheres Comprises o Midbrain o Pons o Medulla oblongata · The lower parts of brain are more to do with basic functions |
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Medulla Oblongata |
· Basic,autonomic functions:o Cardio-vascularcentreo Controlsheart rate and forceo Vascularmotor centre – blood pressureo Medullaryrhythmicity centre – adjusts breathing rateReflexes involved in vomiting, coughing andsneezing |
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Thalamus· |
Majorcommunication centre as it relays most of the sensory information – Kings Crossof motor and sensation Relayinginformation from the cerebellum and basal ganglia to the primary motor cortex Initialsensory processing of auditory and visual |
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Hypothalamus |
Located“below the thalamus” and above the brainstem· Bridgebetween brain and endocrine system |
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Pituitary Gland |
Smallgland about the size of a pea located at base of brain, just under hypothalamus· Releaseshormones that control growth, sexual development, pregnancy salt/water balance Partof the brain that links your nervous and endocrine systems |
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FrontalLobe – judgement, reasoning and planning (adult decisions)· Premotor areao Motorprogramming and storage of past motor patterns· Prefrontal cortexo Executivefunctiono Personalityo Decisionmakingo Behaviouralplanningo Impulseinhibition· Broca’s areao Language productiono Inmost individuals lies in the left frontal cortex· Primary motor cortex o Executionof motor taskso Controlsvoluntary movement of the opposite (contralateral side of the body) |
test |
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Endocrine system |
Regulates your internal environment by releasing hormones into theblood stream |
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test |
· Organat the end of an efferent nerve specialised for altering its environment e.g.muscle or gland· Muscles arethe effectors of the somatic NS while glands are the effectors ofthe autonomic NS |
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Behaviour |
Can be regarded as the process of interacting with the world and producing changes (measurable) in our environment |
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Respondent behaviour |
Involuntary, reflexive behaviour that is elicited from an organ Usually involves the autonomic nervous system |
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Operant behaviour |
Voluntary, consciously controlledbehaviour (at least first) that is emitted by an organism Usually involves the somaticnervous system |
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Ultimatelywe interact with our environment by means of our nervous system |
CNS processes incoming sensory stimuli and initiates responses PNS put things into action PNS has two main components, somatic and autonomic (ANS) |
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Central Nervous System CNS |
Brain Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral NS |
Autonomic NS Somatic NS Parasympathetic
NS Sympathetic NS Sensory Motor Rest & Digest Fight & Flight Sensations (pain) Movement |
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Somatic NS |
Includessensory and motor divisions· Voluntary(activated by touch, pain, temp changes, etc.)· Operatedat a conscious level Operant behaviour |
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Autonomic (ANS) |
Maintainsthe internal environment of the body· Regulatesinternal organs and vital functions (heartbeat, breathing, digestion &blood pressure)· Operatesat a subconscious level· Respondentbehaviour |
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Nerve |
Lots of neurons bundled together |
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Tract |
A bundle of neurons in the brain is referred to as a tract, not a nerve |
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Afferent(sensory) neuron |
Arrives in CNS – from receptors e.g. skin |
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Efferent neuron |
Exits CNS - muscle |
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Movement |
Primary Motor Cortex – Starting point of decision to move· Basal Ganglia –Coordination of slow movements Cerebellum –Coordination of fast movements |
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DescendingPathways |
The primary motor cortex relays its signal to the PNS and ultimately to the muscles via two groups of descending tracts (bundles of axons going down) |
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Neuromuscular Junction |
Asynapse – connection between two neurons Neuronconnect to muscle “motor end plate” rather than neuron to neuron· Connection between Psychology (neuron) and Biology (muscle) |
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Nociceptors |
Are sensory receptors Nociceptors have “free nerve endings” |
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Twotypes of Nociceptors: |
Delta AS fibres - Fast and specific - tell you if you’ve been burnt, stabbed, cut etc. (initial fast pain) C Fibres - Slow and flexible – dull ache after, you can’t distinguish the actual type of injury. Just the subsequent pain |
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· Painactivated through various mechanisms |
Thermal - 43 degrees below 28 degrees C · Menthol cooling effect o Mechanical § E.g. stretch receptors o Chemical |
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Resting membrane potential |
Whena neuron is not firing Maintaininga separation of electrically charged ions either side of a membrane and its value is -70mv |
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Polarized |
Insideis negative compared to the outside It has two poles positive and negative |
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Potential difference exisits because |
There is more Potasium ion inside the cellthan more Sodium ion outside the cell |
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sodium potassium pump |
Maintainsthe imbalance of ions across the membrane |
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Ionchannels |
Allowthe ions to cross the membrane from one side to the other |
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Whatthree things can cause an ion channel to open: |
1. Local charge in membrane 2. Voltage gated 3. Ligon gated |
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Graded potential |
Ifa neuron only receives a small stimulus, this only causes a few ion channels toopen , resulting in a small local charge in the membrane potential whichquickly fades away. |
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Threshold potential |
Ifenough of these small stimuli come together they can add up and result in anaction potential that is able to conduct all the way down the membrane causingthe neuron to fire, but only if a certain point is reached. -55mv |
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Depolarisation |
When threshold potential is reached itcauses the opening of voltage gated sodium channels, causing sodium to enter,resulting in depolarisation, meaning more voltage gated channels open,so the effect keeps snowballing until all channels in the area open. This isthe action potential and the depolarisation reaches a peak at around +40mv |
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Why does Sodium coming in cause depolarisation |
Sodium is positive and the inside isnegative Sodium Na+ Potassium K |
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Amygdala |
Processingof emotions, particularly fear and aggression |
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Hippocampus |
Bilateral seahorse shaped structure · Deep within medial temporal lobe · Lateral to amygdala · Thought to play an important role in memory formation and conversion of short-term to long-term memory via long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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Broca’s area |
Language production In most individuals lies in the left frontal cortex |
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FrontalLobe – judgement, reasoning and planning (adult decisions)· |
Premotor area o Motor programming and storage of past motor patterns · Prefrontal cortex o Executive function o Personality o Decision making o Behavioural planning o Impulse inhibition · Broca’s area o Language production o In most individuals lies in the left frontal cortex Primary motor cortex |
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What is the name of sensory neurons that take information from your body and arrive in your brain |
Afferent |
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What is the name of your motor neurons that take information from your brain to your body |
Efferent |
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When the action potential reaches the end of the neuron it causes neurotransmission. What is this? |
It causes the neuron to release chemical that then have a result on something else. It can stimulate another neuron passing on the signal to somewhere else It can cause a gland to release hormones It can cause a muscle to contract, resulting in movement
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What is learning |
Acquisition of knowledge |
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Habituation (non adaptive learning) |
Animal stops responding to stimulus after a period of exposure.
By habituating to less important signals can respond to more important features of the environment |
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Habituation (non adaptive learning) |
Animal stops responding to stimulus after a period of exposure.
By habituating to less important signals can respond to more important features of the environment |
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Sensitisation (opposite of habituation) |
Increased response to a stimulus following a repeated, intense if painful stimulus E.g. sunburn |
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Conditioning is also referred to as |
Learning |
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Conditioning is sometimes referred to as associative learning |
Because an association is made between two things. |
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There are two main types of conditioning |
Pavlovian - classical - respondent
Skinnerian - instrumental -operant |
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What is the acquisition period in conditioning |
When the CS is paired with the US |
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What is the extinction period in conditioning |
CS and no US |
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What type of learning are sensitisation and habituation |
Non associative learning |
