Biol 205 Exam Ii

Front 1

What are the reactants for glycolysis?

Back 1

Glucose, ADP, H+, NAD+

Front 2

What are the reactants for the Krebs Cycle?

Back 2

Pyruvate, NAD+, FAD, GDP

Front 3

What are the reactants for the ETC?

Back 3

NADH, FADH2, O2

Front 4

What are the reactants for Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Back 4

PO4, H+, ADP

Front 5

What are the products of glycolysis?

Back 5

Pyruvate, ATP, NADH

Front 6

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?

Back 6

CO2, GTP, FADH, NADH

Front 7

What are the products of the ETC?

Back 7

H2O

Front 8

What are the products of Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Back 8

ATP

Front 9

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 9

cytoplasm

Front 10

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Back 10

mitochondrial matrix

Front 11

Where does the ETC occur?

Back 11

mitochondrial inner membrane

Front 12

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 12

mitochondrial inner membrane

Front 13

What step in aerobic respiration is interrupted by dinitrophenal (DNP) and FCCP and why?

Back 13

Oxidative Phosphorylation, these poisons cause holes to form in the inner membrane through which H+ can flow. This interrupts OP, but does not interrupt ETC.

Front 14

What step in aerobic respiration is interrupted by cyanide and why?

Back 14

Cyanide binds tightly to cytochrome oxidase which stops respiration at the ETC level. Cytochrome oxidase in located within the ETC. If this is blocked, the chain cannot create the proton gradient needed by F1 ATPase to create ATP.

Front 15

What are the three main complexes found in the ETC?

Back 15

NADH Dehydrogenase, Cytochrome B-C1, and Cytochrome Oxidase

Front 16

What direction on actin molecules do myosin heads walk towards?

Back 16

The plus ends.

Front 17

Where is porin found?

Back 17

Pourin is found in the outer membrane of mitochondria.

Front 18

What must be present for pyruvate to be converted into Acetyl-Co-A?

Back 18

O2

Front 19

Which direction does the ATPsynthase "lollipop" face?

Back 19

Towards the mitochondrial matrix

Front 20

What ATP is being sythesized, which direction does the rotor turn?

Back 20

counterclockwise

Front 21

Which direction do kinesins move?

Back 21

Toward the plus end

Front 22

Which direction do dyneins move?

Back 22

Toward the minus end

Front 23

Where do cilia originate?

Back 23

In the basal body

Front 24

What is the function of ciliary dynein?

Back 24

It generates bending in the core of a flagella.

Front 25

Where is nexin found?

Back 25

Nexin is found connecting adjacten doublet microtubules in flagella

Front 26

In what type of cells is Myosin-I found?

Back 26

All types of cells.

Front 27

What is the strucutre of Myosin-I?

Back 27

Have only one head domain and a tail.

Front 28

In what type of cells is Myosin-II mainly found?

Back 28

Muscle cells.

Front 29

S phase cell + G1 phase cell = ?

Back 29

G1 cell enters S phase

Front 30

S phase cell + G2 phase cell = ?

Back 30

G2 cell waits for S phase cell to finish DNA replication. Enter mitosis simultaneously.

Front 31

G1 phase cell + G2 phase cell = ?

Back 31

G2 cell waits for G1 phase cell to move through S phase. Enter mitosis simultaneously.

Front 32

S, G1, or G2 phase cell + M phase cell = ?

Back 32

Non-M phase cell enters mitosis immediately regardless of DNA status.

Front 33

What is the function of Eg5 in mitosis?

Back 33

Pushes poles apart

Front 34

What is the function of dynein is mitosis?

Back 34

Pulls poles together, helps kinetochores recruit microtubules

Front 35

What is the function of CENP-E in mitosis?

Back 35

As a plus kinesin, it helps the kinetochores recruit and hold polar microtubules and move to the equator of the cell.

Front 36

What is the function of MCAK in mitosis?

Back 36

Promotes microtubule plus end depolymerization.

Front 37

What is the function of KID in mitosis?

Back 37

As a plus kinesin, it pushes chromosome arms away from the poles.

Front 38

What turns off the Wait Anaphase Signal?

Back 38

The attachement of polar microtubules to form kinteochore fibers.

Front 39

What compound inhibits Cdc20 and thus APC and where is it produced?

Back 39

Cdc20 is inhibited by Mad2 and BubR1. Cdc20 is used to activate the APC

Front 40

What errors in microtubule attachment at the kinetochores can be detected by the spindle checkpoint?

Back 40

Mono-Orientation (only one chromatids is attached to a centrosome) and Uni-Orientation (both chromatids are attached to the same centrosome)

Front 41

What error in microtubule attachement at the kinetochore cannot be detected by the spindle checkpoint?

Back 41

Merotelic Orientation (a chromatid is attached to both centrosomes)

Front 42

In what element of the kinetochore is the protein Aurora B found?

Back 42

centromeric heterochromatin

Front 43

In what element of the kinetochore is the protein CENP-A found?

Back 43

inner plate

Front 44

When is KID activated? When is it deactivated?

Back 44

Active in Prometaphase and Metaphase, inactive in Anaphase

Front 45

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

Back 45

G1, S (DNA Replication), G2, M (Mitosis)

Front 46

What is the cell cycle in an early embryonic cell?

Back 46

S,M,S,M

Front 47

What action signifies the movement of a cell from the G1 phase into the S Phase?

Back 47

DNA Replication begins

Front 48

What signifies the movement of a cell from the G2 phase into the M phase?

Back 48

Formation of the mitotic spindle

Front 49

What signifies the movement of a cell from the M phase into the G1 phase?

Back 49

The completion of cytokinesis and the formation of two cells.

Front 50

Where are the two checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Back 50

Between the G1 and the S phases and the G2 and the M phases.

Front 51

What does the checkpoint between the G1 and the S phase detect?

Back 51

Favorable environment and complete DNA

Front 52

What does the checkpoint between the G2 and the M phase detect?

Back 52

Is DNA intact, has it been replicated

Front 53

What is the Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF) and where does it function in the cell cycle?

Back 53

The MPF is Cyclin A,B-Cdk1 and it initiates mitosis (between the G2 and the M phase)

Front 54

What cyclin complex initiates the S phase?

Back 54

Cyclin D,E-Cdk2

Front 55

Name the 6 sites that are phosphorylated as a result of MPF activation.

Back 55

Histone H1, Nuclear Lamins, MAPS, ABPS, Centrosomes, Cytoplasmic Structures

Front 56

What occurs when Histone H1 is phosphorylated?

Back 56

chromosomes condense

Front 57

What occurs when Nuclear Lamins are phosphorylated?

Back 57

Disassembly of nuclear envelope

Front 58

What occurs when centrosomes are phosphorylated?

Back 58

Microtubules nucleation is activated to form spindles.

Front 59

When does anaphase onset occur?

Back 59

When the sister chromatids separate.

Front 60

What causes kinases to become active?

Back 60

The attachment of their complementary cyclin.

Front 61

Do the concentrations of kinases vary throughout the life of the cell?

Back 61

No, only the concentration of cyclins changes, but this change deactivates and then reactivates the various kinases.

Front 62

What marks cyclins for destruction at the end of mitosis?

Back 62

Ubiquitin

Front 63

What does it mean when a cyclin has ubiquitin attached?

Back 63

The cyclin has been marked for destruction by 26s Proteosome

Front 64

What controls when ubiquitin is attached to cyclins?

Back 64

The anaphase promoting complex (APC) adds ubiquitin to the cyclin.

Front 65

What does DNA damage cause to occur in the cell?

Back 65

Protein kinases are activated that phosphorylate p53.

Front 66

How is the function of p53 altered by phosphorylation?

Back 66

Phosphorylated p53 is stable and binds to the regulatory region of the p21 gene.

Front 67

What occurs when the p21 gene is turned on?

Back 67

p21 gene creates a Cdk inhibitor protein that binds to the G1-S Cdk complex, inactivating it.

Front 68

What protein holds together chromosomes until anaphase?

Back 68

Cohesin

Front 69

Microtubules attach to which site on a chromosome?

Back 69

Kinetochore

Front 70

What enzyme destroys cohesin and allows the sister chromatid to split apart?

Back 70

Separase