Biol 201

Front 1

Partitioning of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis is

Back 1

during exercise

Front 2

Glycogen metabolism

Back 2

oops

Front 3

glyconeogenesis

Back 3

how non-carbonhydrate goes back to glucose, pyruvate back to glucose. Primarily in liver and important during extendded exercise ,fasting and not a simple reversal of glycosis
3 irreversiable replaced by 4 step

Front 4

•
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

Back 4

F‐1,6‐BP →F‐6P + Pi
Inhibited by AMP, F‐2,6‐BP
Activated by citrate

Front 5

Also Consider

Back 5

Consider:
F‐6P + ATP →F‐1,6‐BP + ADP
F‐1,6‐BP →F‐6P
Net: ATP →ADP + Pi

Front 6

Feudal cycle is not good. Hence Important that F1,6BPase and PFK not operate simultaneously

Back 6

So, we need regulation

Front 7

If AMP is high , then ATP is low which mean that

Back 7

promote gluconeogenesis

Front 8

Partition of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Back 8

during exercise, pyruvate made faster in muscle than citric acid cylcle and can oxidized it -> lactate production.
Lactate in blood taken up by liver -> glucose. Lactate in Cory cycle

Front 9

Well, Cardiac muscle has tons of mitochondria (mito) that could convert lactate

Back 9

so the blood stream must keep moving ( running to the bus in the morning )

Front 10

UDP and UTP glucose

Back 10

glucose is store as glycogen

Glucose 1 phosphate -> UDP-glucose

Front 11

This reaction to convert glycogen to Glucose -1 phostphate catalyzed by

Back 11

glycogen phosphorylase.

Front 12

Glucose 1 P to G 6 P

Back 12

is catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase

Front 13

Blood glucose levels regulated by two hormones, glucagon and insulin

Back 13

Insulin released from pancreas when blood glucose is high, stimulates synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
Glucagon released from pancreas when blood glucose is low, stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Front 14

Another important hormon (adrenalin) . Muscular activity or its anticipation stimulates release of epinephrine(adrenalin) from adrenal medulla

Back 14

same as how glucagon works in liver.

Front 15

Glucagon binding to receptor on liver cell, or epinephinebinding on muscle cell activates

Back 15

adenylatecyclase: ATP → cAMP+ PPi

Front 16

cAMP is the second messager

Back 16

will activate protein kinase slnuatheus

Front 17

Activated PKA phoshorylatesGlycogen phosphorylasekinase(GPK)

Back 17

converts it to activeform

Front 18

Note

Back 18

Synthesis/breakdown of glycogen hormonally regulated via protein phosphorylation

Front 19

Activated GPK phosphorylatesGlycogen phosphorylase→

Back 19

converts it to activeform → breakdown of glycogen to G1P

Front 20

Glucagon is high

Back 20

in the morning to maintain the blood level glucose.

Front 21

Activated PKA phosphorylatesGlycogen synthase(GS) → converts it to inactiveform
Activated PKA phosphorylatesand activates inhibitor of phosphoproteinphosphatase(IP), turns off PP

Back 21

Hormonal activation → stimulation of glycogen breakdown to G1P, G6P

Front 22

After removal of hormonal stimulus, cAMPlevel drops: cAMPphosphodiesterase

Back 22

When cAMPdrops, PKA no longer active
Leads to inactivation of IP, activation of Phosphoproteinphosphatase
Removal of phosphates from GP and GPK → conversion back to inactive forms
Removal of phosphate from GS → conversion back to active form
Removal of hormone → conversion of G1P, G6P to glycogen

Front 23

Oxidative states of metabolism

Back 23

Kreb's cycle

Front 24

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Krebs cycle)

Back 24

Common pathway for fuel molecule (carb’s, fats, aa’s) oxidation
Carb’s →pyruvate →acetyl CoA
Allows recovery of much greater portion of free energy than glycolysis
Occurs in mitochondria