Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle in order? |
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
|
|
|
What does Interphase include? (In order) |
G1, S-phase, G2 |
|
|
|
What are the stages of Mitosis? (In order) |
(PMAT) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
|
|
|
What happens in prophase? |
Chromosomes, coil and condense |
|
|
|
What happens in metaphase? |
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell for even separation |
|
|
|
What happens in anaphase? |
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
|
|
|
What happens in telophase? |
Cytokinesis and formation of two new cells begins |
|
|
|
What are the two types of cytokinesis and what makes them different? |
Cleavage- cytokinesis in animal cells Cell plate/wall- cytokinesis in plant cells |
|
|
|
Duplicated chromosomes have no particular arrangement in the cell during which phase of mitosis? |
Prophase |
|
|
|
Duplicated chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell during which phase of mitosis? |
Metaphase |
|
|
|
Daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis? |
Anaphase |
|
|
|
Two daughter cells are forming, the nucleus is becoming solid and a cell plate may be forming in which phase of mitosis? |
Telophase |
|
|
|
What happens during cytokinesis |
The cytoplasm and organelles split |
|
|
|
Which phases of the cell cycle are part of interphase? |
G1, S-phase, and G2 |
|
|
|
What is a gene? |
Unit of inheritance [section of DNA that codes for specific proteins (controls traits)] |
|
|
|
What is an allele? |
Alternative versions of genes (dominant or recessive) |
|
|
|
What is the law of segregation? |
2 alleles of a pair separate during meiosis |
|
|
|
What is it called when two alleles of a pair separate during meiosis? |
Law of segregation |
|
|
|
What is incomplete dominance? |
Heterozygotes have an intermediate (3rd) phenotype |
|
|
|
What is it called when heterozygotes have an intermediate (3rd) phenotype? |
Incomplete dominance |
|
|
|
What are linked genes? |
When genes are so close together on the chromosomes that they travel together during reproduction, inherited together, decreases variation |
|
|
|
What is it called when genes are so close together on the chromosomes that they travel together during reproduction, are inherited together, and decrease variation? |
Linked genes |
|
|
|
What happens when you have multiple alleles? |
Many variations on a gene within a population, therefore more phenotypes |
|
|
|
When you have many variations on a gene within a population, therefore more phenotypes, what is this called? |
Multiple alleles |
|
|
|
What is polygenic inheritance? |
Traits that are influenced by many genes (Ex-AABBCC) |
|
|
|
When you have traits that are influenced by many genes, for example AABBCC, What is this called? |
Polygenic inheritance |
|
|
|
What is the law of independent assortment? |
Inheritance of one character (gene) has no effect on the inheritance of another (Exception- linked genes) |
|
|
|
What is it called when the inheritance of one character (Gene) has no effect on the inheritance of another, with the exception of linked genes? |
The law of independent assortment |
|
|
|
What is the chance of getting a gamete containing ABC from a person with genes AaBbCc? |
0.5×0.5×0.5=0.125
Answer- 12.5% |
|
|
|
What is the chance of getting a gamete containing ABC from a person with genes AabbCc? |
0.5×0×0.5=0 Answer- 0% |
|
|
|
What is the chance of getting a gamete containing abc from a person with genes AabbCc? |
0.5×1×0.5=0.25 Answer- 25% |
|
|
|
What is the percent chance of having a male? |
50% |
|
|
|
What is the percent chance of having 3 males in a row? |
.5×.5×.5 = 0.125 Answer- 12.5% |
|
|
|
If you already have a boy, what is the percent chance of having a girl next? |
50% |
|
|
|
What does it mean to be a carrier? |
Carry the trait and can pass it on, but you are not afflicted by it |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a female? |
XX |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a male? |
XY |
|
|
|
Is this genotype male or female? XY |
Male |
|
|
|
Is this genotype male or female? XX |
Female |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a standard vision male? |
X^N Y |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a color blind male? |
X^n Y |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a color blind female? |
X^n X^n |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a female carrier of color blindness? |
X^N X^n |
|
|
|
What is the genotype for a standard vision female who is not a carrier for color blindness? |
X^N X^N |
|
|
Identify which phase of mitosis is highlighted in red. |
Anaphase |
|
|
Identify which phase of mitosis is circled in red. |
Telophase |
|
|
Identify which phase of mitosis is circled in red. |
Metaphase |
|
|
Identify which phase of mitosis is circled in red. |
Prophase |
|
|
|
What happens during the G2 phase? |
Sister chromatids prepare for division |
|
|
|
What happens during the s phase? |
Replication |
|
|
|
What is the mitotic spindle? |
A structure of microtubules attached to chromosomes that pulls them apart during anaphase |
|
|
|
What is the structure of microtubules attached to chromosomes that pull them apart during anaphase? |
Mitotic spindle |
|
|
|
What are homologous chromosomes? |
Matched pairs of chromosomes |
|
|
|
What are sister chromatids? |
Copies of original chromosomes |
|
|
|
Why do organisms perform mitosis? |
Repair damaged cells and asexual reproduction |
|
|
|
Name the structure that helps chromosomes move and is formed during prophase. |
Mitotic spindle |
|
|
|
When are organelles divided between two daughter cells? |
Cytokinesis |
|
|
|
During which part of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? |
S-Phase |
|
|
|
When do chromosomes first become visible in mitosis? |
Prophase |
|
|
|
What is the difference between the terms chromosome and chromatid? |
Chromosomes are single matched pairs, where as chromatids are copies of chromosomes? |
|
|
|
What is a spindle, and what is its function? |
A structure of microtubules that attaches to chromosomes and pulls them apart during anaphase |
|
|
|
During what stages of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids? |
Prophase and metaphase |
|
|
|
During what stages of mitosis are chromosomes single structures composed of one chromatid? |
Anaphase and telophase |
|
|
|
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells? |
Animal cells have cleavage, where as plant cells include a cell plate/wall |
|
|
|
What is meiosis? |
Cell division used for producing gametes |
|
|
|
How are mitosis and meiosis similar? |
They both start with dipoid cells that go through DNA replication |
|
|
|
List three differences between mitosis and meiosis. |
1. Mitosis divides once, meiosis divides twice 2. Mitosis produces two daughter cells, meiosis produces four daughter cells 3. Mitosis daughter cells are the same as the parent cells, meiosis their genetically unique to one another |
|
|
|
How can you tell oogenesis is happening? |
Polar bodies are present, or sperm is present to cause meiosis 2 to happen |
|
|
|
If a parent cell has 30 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have? |
15 |
|
|
|
Which processes increases variation during meiosis? |
Crossing over and random fertilization |
|
|
|
What is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids called? |
Crossing over! |
|
|
|
During what phase does crossing over occur? |
Prophase 1 |
|
|
|
During what phase do homologous chromosomes separate? |
Anaphase 1 |
|
|
|
What is a diploid cell? |
A cell that has both sets of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
|
What is a haploid cell? |
A cell that has only one set of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
|
What is fertilization? |
The union of a sperm and egg |
|
|
|
What is a zygote? |
A. Single-celled diploid egg |
|
|
|
Identify the mechanisms that make genetically unique gametes. |
1. Crossing over 2. Independent assortment 3. Random fertilization |
There are 3 ways |
|
|
What is meiosis called in a female? |
Oogenesis |
|
|
|
What is meiosis called in a male? |
Spermatogenesis |
|
|
|
What is the name of the gametes produced in males and females during meiosis? |
Males- sperm Females- ova (egg) |
|
|
|
What is the end cellular result of meiosis in males? |
4 sperm |
|
|
|
What is the end cellular result of meiosis in females with fertilization? |
Meiosis 2 (1 zygote and 3 polar bodies) |
|
|
|
What is the end cellular result of meiosis in females without fertilization? |
Disintegrates and dissolves (1 immature egg and 1 polar body) |
|
|
|
What is the location of production of meiosis and males and females? |
Males- testes Females- ovaries |
|
|
|
How many cells are produced after meiosis 1? |
2 |
|
|
|
How many chromosomes are in each cell after meiosis 1? |
2 |
|
|
|
How many cells are produced after meiosis 2? |
4 |
|
|
|
How many chromosomes are in each cell after meiosis 2? |
2 |
|
|
|
What are gametes? |
Egg and sperm cells |
|
|
|
What is the purpose of meiosis? |
Producing gametes and sexual reproduction |
|
|
|
How many divisions occur during meiosis? |
2 |
|
|
|
Where would you expect to find meiosis taking place in humans? |
Testes or ovaries |
|
|
|
Prior to meiosis, during which stage of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? |
S. Phase |
|
|
|
What are chromosomes that look alike and carry genes for the same traits called? |
Homologous chromosomes |
|
|
|
Fill in the blank The parent cells of meiosis are _______ while daughter cells are_______. |
Dipoid, haploid |
|
|
|
What term describes the pairing of chromosomes during prophase 1? |
Synapse |
|
|
|
During anaphase 1 what separates? |
Homogus chromosomes |
|
|
|
When do homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis? |
Anaphase 1 |
|
|
|
During anaphase 2 what separates? |
Sister chromatids |
|
|
|
During which phase do sister chromatids separate in meiosis? |
Anaphase 2 |
|
|
|
What would happen if meiosis did not reduce the chromosome number of gametes? |
The number of chromosomes would double every generation and there would be excess genetic material |
|
|
|
What is a genotype? |
Genetic makeup for a gene |
|
|
|
What is a phenotype? |
Physical traits |
|
|
|
What are the genotype frequencies? |
Homozygous dominant (AA), homozygous recessive (aa), heterozygous (Aa) |
|
|
|
What are the phenotype frequencies? |
Dominant and recessive |
|
|
|
What impact do cases of multiple alleles have on the number of kinds of phenotypes displayed in the population? |
More phenotypes or more diversity |
|
|
|
What are the variations to Mendel's rules used in the human variation activity? |
Incomplete dominance, linked genes, multiple alleles, and polygenic inheritance |
4 |
