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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a trophozoite? |
Metabolically active growth stage |
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What is a cyst? |
Metabolically inactive dormant stage |
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What is the causative agent for amoebic dysentery? |
Severe infection from Entamoeba histolytica |
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What are the signs/symptoms of amoebic dysentery? |
--Loose stools w/ blood &/or mucus --Stomach pain --Fever --Nausea/vomiting --Hepatitis |
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How is amoebic dysentery diagnosed? |
Stool sample examined under microscope for Entamoeba histolytica |
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What is the mode of transmission for amoebic dysentery? |
Ingestion via fecal contamination of hands, food, or water |
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What is the life cycle of the Entamoeba histolytica? |
1. Cysts and trophozoites are passed in feces 2. Cysts ingested 3. Excystation occurs in small intestine 4. Trophozoites migrate to large intestine & produce cysts 5. Trophozoites & cysts passed in feces |
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Identify |
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite (left) & cyst (right) |
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Identify |
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite |
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What is the typical size for an Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite? & a cyst? |
Trophozoite: 12-20 μm Cyst: 10-20 μm |
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Identify |
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite |
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Identify |
Entamoeba histolytica cyst |
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What is the causative agent for African sleeping sickness? |
Trypanosoma brucei
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What are the signs/symptoms of African sleeping sickness? |
--Fever --Rash --Swelling of hands & face --Headaches --Muscle & joint pain --Swollen lymph nodes --Itchy skin --Confusion &/or personality changes --Daytime sleepiness w/ nighttime sleep disturbances |
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How is African sleeping sickness diagnosed? |
Microscopic examination of blood or lymph node aspirate |
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What is the mode of transmission for African sleeping sickness? |
Tsetse fly |
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How can African sleeping sickness be prevented? |
--Long-sleeve shirts & long pants in neutral colors --Insect repellent --Avoid disturbing bushes --Examine vehicles before entering |
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Identify |
Trypanosoma bruci |
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Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei |
1. Infected tsetse fly bites human & Trypanosoma brucei epimastigote (Trypanomastigote) enters bloodstream 2. Trypanomastigote divides & multiplies in body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, etc.) 3. Tsetse fly bites human & takes up infected blood 4. Trypanomastigotes transform into procyclic trypanomastigotes in gut of tsetse fly 5. Procyclic trypanomastigotes leave gut & transform into epimastigotes 6. Epimastigotes multiply in salivary glands of tsetse fly & transform into metacyclic trypanomastigotes 7. Tsetse fly bites human & infects them with the metacyclic trypanomastigotes |
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Identify |
Trypanosoma brucei |
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What is the term for a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans? |
Zoonosis |
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Identify the two organisms. How can you tell them apart? |
a. Trypanosoma cruzi (left) b. Trypanosoma brucei (right) T. cruzi has a much more pronounced kinetoplast at posterior |
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What is the causative agent for Chagas disease? |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
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What are the signs/symptoms of Chagas disease? |
--Enlarged liver &/or spleen --Fever --Local swelling (chagoma) at/near site where parasite entered body --Swelling of eyelid on side of face where inoculated with parasite (Romaña's sign) --Enlarged heart (cardiomyopathy) --Altered heart rate --Cardiac arrest or heart failure |
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How is Chagas disease diagnosed? |
Observation of Trypanosoma cruzi in blood by microscopic examination (acute stage only) |
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How is Chagas disease transmitted? |
--Triatomine bug bite (zoonotic means) --Contact with infected blood products --Contaminated food/drink (rare) |
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How can Chagas disease be prevented? |
Insecticides inside house & insecticide infused bug netting around bed |
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Identify |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
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Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi |
1. Triatomine bug bites & defecates on human where metacyclic trypomastigotes enter wound or mucus membranes 2. Metacyclic trypomastigotes invade body cells & transform in to amastigotes 3. Amastigotes mature into trypomastigotes & burst out of infected cell 4. Triatomine bug bites infected human & takes up trypomastigotes 5. Trypomastigotes mature into epimastigotes & multiply in triatomine's gut 6. Epimastigotes mature into metacyclic trypomastigotes in triatomine's hindgut 7. Triatomine bites human & defecates metacyclic trypomastigotes |
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What is the causative agent for giardiasis? |
Giardia lamblia or G. intestinalis |
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What are the signs/symptoms of giardiasis? |
--Diarrhea --Gas --Abdominal pain --Nausea/vomiting --Dehydration |
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How is giardiasis diagnosed? |
--Fecal immunoassays --Microscopic examination of multiple stool samples from different days |
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How does one contract giardiasis? |
--Ingestion of food/water contaminated with feces containing Giardia lamblia cysts --Oral-anal contact |
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Identify |
Giardia trophozoites |
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Identify |
Giardia cyst |
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Identify |
Giardia lamblia trophozoite |
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Identify |
Giardia lamblia cyst |
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What is the life cycle of gardia lamblia? |
1. Person eats/drinks food/water contaminated with gardia lamblia cysts 2. Excystation in sm. intestine releases trophozoites 3. Trophozoites multiply in sm. intestine & move toward colon 4. In bowels, trophozoites undergo encystation 5. Trophozoites & cysts are expelled in feces |
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How can the spread of gardia lamblia be prevented? |
1. Wash hands frequently, esp. after visiting bathroom, changing diapers, and gardening, as well as before & after food prep 2. Avoid potentially contaminated food/water 3. Avoid contact with the anus or feces of someone who's sick |
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What is the causative agent of malaria? |
Plasmodium microbes |
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What are the signs/symptoms of malaria? |
Cold stage: --Sensations of cold --Shivering Hot stage: --Headaches --Fever --Vomiting --Seizures (young children) Sweating stage: --Sweats --Tiredness --Return to normal temperatures |
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How is malaria transmitted? |
Anopheles mosquitoes
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What is the life cycle of Plasmodium? |
1. Sporozoites passed from Anopheles mosquito saliva to human during feeding 2. Sporozoites travel in bloodstream to liver where they divide & transform into merozoites 3. Merozoites infect RBCs & some develop into gametocytes 4. Gametocytes taken up by Anopheles mosquito & transform into sporozoites |
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How is malaria diagnosed? |
Usually by presence of Plasmodium parasites in blood |
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Identify |
Plasmodium merozoite |
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Identify |
Plasmodium merozoite |
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What are the 3 types of parasitic helminths we studied in lab? |
--Nematodes (round worms) --Trematodes (flukes) --Cestodes (tapeworms) |
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What is the technical name for round worms? |
Nematodes |
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What is the technical name for flukes? |
Trematodes |
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What is the technical name for tapeworms? |
Cestodes |
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What is the technical name of a pinworm? |
Enterobiasis vermicularis |
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Is Enterobiasis vermicularis monoecious or diecous? |
Diecous |
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How is Enterobiasis vermicularis spread? |
Ingesting mature eggs by either touching contaminated surfaces & then putting fingers in mouth or putting mouth on contaminated surfaces |
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What class/type of helminth is the Enterobiasis vermicularis? |
Nematode (roundworm) |
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How is someone with Enterobiasis vermicularis diagnosed? |
--Examination of perianal region of infected person 2-3 hrs. after falling asleep --Tape applied to perianal region of infected person in morning immediately after sleep (3 consecutive days) --Examining underneath fingernails for eggs after infected person itches anus |
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Identify |
Eterobiasis vermicularis (adult) |
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Identify |
Enterobiasis verimularis (eggs) |
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Identify |
Enterobiasis vermicularis |
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Are Trichinella monoecious or diecous? |
Diecous |
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What is the causative agent of Trichinosis? |
Trichinella |
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How is trichinosis diagnosed? |
--Trichinella antibody test --Muscle biopsy |
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How is Trichinella spread? |
Eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game meat |
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What is the general life cycle of a nematode? |
1. Human ingests meat containing cysts 2. Gastric juices hatch larvae from cysts 3. Larvae invade mucosa of sm. bowel & develop into adult worms 4. Female Trichinella release larvae which migrate to striated muscle where they encyst |
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Identify |
Trichinella (in muscle tissue) |
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Identify |
Trichinella (in muscle tissue) |
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Is Taenia monoecious or diecous? |
Monoecious |
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What is the causative agent of Taeniasis? |
Taenia cestodes |
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What class/type of helminth is a Trichinella? |
Cestode (tape worm) |
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Describe the cestode life cycle |
1. Host eats vegetation contaminated with eggs 2. In intestine, eggs hatch & migrate to striated muscle where develops into cysticercus 3. Human eats raw/undercooked meat of infected animal 4. Tapeworm develops into an adult in human intestine, attached to the sm. intestine by their scolex 5. Adults produce proglottids which detach, migrate to anus, & are passed in stool |
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How is taeniasis diagnosed? |
Stool samples from 3 separate days should be examined under microscope for eggs or worm segments |
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Identify |
Taenia proglottid |
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Identify |
Taenia scolex |
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Identify |
Taenia proglottid |
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Identify specimen. What are features A & B? |
Specimen: Taenia Feature A: sucker Feature B: Hooks |
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Identify specimen |
Taenia |
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What is the life cycle of a trematode? |
1. Eggs ingested by intermediate host & develop into cercariae 2. Cercariae released in feces & penetrate flesh of host 3. Encyst in flesh of host 4. Host eaten by human (or other carnivore) & excyst in duodenum 5. Embryonated eggs passed in feces |
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What class/type of helminth isNecatoramericanus? |
Nematode (hookworm) |
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How is Necatoramericanus transmitted? |
Transmitted in soil where human feces is used as fertilizer or defecation into soil is common |
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Necatoramericanus (hookworm) |
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Identify |
Necator americanus (hookworm) |
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Identify |
Necator americanus (hookworm) |
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Are tapeworms monoecious or dieceous? |
Monoecious |
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Identify |
Schistosoma mansoni (male & female) |
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Identify |
Schistosoma mansoni (adult) |
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Identify |
Schistosoma mansoni (ovum) |
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Identify |
Schistosoma mansoni (ovum) |
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Identify |
Schistosoma mansoni (male & female) |
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Identify |
Clonorchis |
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Clonorchis |
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Identify |
Clonorchis |
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Identify |
Clonorchis (ovum) |
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Clonorchis (ovum) |
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Are Clonorchis monoecious or diecious? |
Monoecious |
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Identify |
Fasciola |
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Identify |
Fasciola |
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Identify |
Fasciola |
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Identify |
Fasciola ovum |
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Identify |
Fasciola ovum |
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Identify |
Fasciola ovum |
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How does mold reproduce asexually? |
--Budding --Hyphae breaks off & grow as separate entity |
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How does mold reproduce sexually? |
Spore stalk between 2 mating cells fuses together until they mature & burst forth with offspring |
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What is a hypha? |
Each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus |
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What is a mycelium? |
Vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae) |
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What are conidia? |
Asexual spores that form on the ends of hyphae |
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What are sporangia? |
The case or sac in which spores are produced |
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Identify |
Penicillin |
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Identify |
Penicillin |
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Identify |
Penicillin (with conidia) |
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Identify |
Penicillin (with conidia) |
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Identify |
Penicillin (with conidia & spores) |
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Identify |
Aspergillus |
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Identify |
Aspergillus |
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Identify |
Aspergillus |
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Identify |
Aspergillus (with conidia) |
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Identify |
Aspergillus (with conidia & spores) |
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Identify |
Aspergillus (with conidia & spores) |
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Identify |
Rhizopus (on bread) |
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Identify |
Rhizopus |
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Identify |
Rhizopus |
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Identify |
Rhizopus (with sporangia on hyphae) |
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Identify |
Rhizopus (with sporangia on hyphae) |
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Identify |
Rhizopus (with zygospore) |
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Identify |
Rhizopus (with zygospore) |
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Identify the pathogen described in the diagram |
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Identify the pathogen described in the diagram |
Trypanosoma brucei |
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Identify the pathogen described in the diagram |
Trypanosoma cruzi |
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Identify the pathogen described in the diagram |
Giardia lamblia |
