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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does rBGH mean? |
recombinant bovine growth hormone; a protein that is made by a genetically engineered bacteria- carry instructions for a cow growth hormone |
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How does the amino acid sequence affect protein function? |
Chemical properties of amino acids cause a protein to fold in a particular manner. |
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(Short version) What steps are needed to go from DNA to protein? |
DNA--(via transcription)-->RNA--(via translation)---> protein |
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Differences in DNA and RNA? |
DNA is double stranded, dextrose sugar, thymine base. RNA is single stranded, ribose sugar, uracil base. |
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What is transcription? |
The first step in going from gene to protein- production of an RNA copy of the protein coding NA gene sequence. |
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What is a promoter? |
Nucleotide sequence at the beginning of every gene. |
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What is the final result of transcription? |
mRNA (messenger RNA) single strand RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA sequence of the gene. |
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What is the end result of translation? |
Protein |
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What organelle does protein synthesis occur? |
Ribsosome |
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What is the genetic code? |
Table that shows which mRNA codons code for which amino acids |
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What is a mutation? |
Change in the DNA sequence |
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3 basic steps in moving the BGH gene into a bacterial cell? |
1. remove gene from cow chromosome. 2. insert the bgh gene into the bacterial plasmid. 3. insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell. |
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What are restriction enzymes? |
"Highly specific molecular scissors" |
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What does the r in rBGH stand for? |
Recombinant: the bgh is genetically engineered. |
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Difference of rBGH from most GMO's ? |
rBGH is produced by a bacteria, most GMO's the genome itself is altered. |
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Difference of genetic engineering, from breeding and artificial selection? |
Genetic Engineering- labs, putting one gene into another organism Artificial Selection- breeding the cattle that produce most milk, or crossing crop plants that are easiest to harvest. |
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What is pharming? |
pharmaceutical + farming = production of GMO's that produce drugs used to treat or prevent disease. |
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What are stem cells? |
Undifferentiated percursor cels that have not yet been programed to perform a certain function. |
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What is in vitro ? |
Fertalizing an embryo in a perti dish |
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What are the extra embryos used for? |
Stored for later use for making more children. |
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Where are adult stem cells found? |
Organs and tissues (Bone marrow, liver..) |
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How are stem cells used in therapeutic cloning? |
Replace damaged tissues and organs in another individual. |
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What is gene therapy? |
Replacing defective genes with functional ones. |
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What is different about somatic cell therapy? |
Fixing or replacing defective protein in ONLY the affected cells. |
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What is somatic cell nuclear transfer? |
Transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another cell that has had its nucleus removed. |
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What are the steps to clone a human? |
1. Remove nucleus from body. 2. Remove nucleus from an egg cell. 3. Transfer nucleus from cell of person into egg cell. 4. Grow embryo in a culture. 5. Implant the early embryo into the uterus 6. Woman gives birth to clone. |
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Why are crops genetically modified? |
Produce more crops, produce better crops, increase shelf life. |
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What is a transgenic organism? |
Genes from one species is incorporated into the genome of another species. |
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Why was golden rice genetically modified? |
Boosted nutrition value for populations who were deficient on beta karotine, what is needed to synthesize Vitamin A and prevent blindness. |
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Cloning a gene using bacteria |
Gene goes into a plasmid, makes copies of gene while inside the bacteria host, bacteria can then express the gene by transcribing an mRNA copy & translating |
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Cloning. Why? How? |
Why? to propagate animals with desirable agricultural traits. How? via nuclear transfer. |
