Biochemistry- Lipids,glycoconjugates, Membranes

Front 1

structure of biological wax

Back 1

fatty acid + long chain alcohol

Front 2

properties of biological wax

Back 2

higher melting temp, metabolic fuel, water repelling, firm at room temp

Front 3

function of biological wax

Back 3

used in lotion, ointment, polish, molds for creating dental appliances

Front 4

4 primary role of sterols

Back 4

structural lipids in membranes (cholesterol), hormones (sex steroids, glucocorticosteroids), emulsifiers or detergents (bile acids in digestion), cardiac glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain)

Front 5

The 4 Fat soluble vitamins:

Back 5

A, D, E, K

Front 6

Which Vitamin's active form is 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol. Functions as a HORMONE for the maintenance of bones and teeth

Back 6

Vitamin D

Front 7

Which Vitamin has 2 functions:1. hormone (retinoic acid)- controls gene expression through nuclear receptors acting on transcription 2. visual pigment (11-cis-retinal)- light absorption in retina where it undergoes light induced isomerization to all -trans-retinal.

Back 7

Vitamin A

Front 8

Which vitamin is an antioxidant- reacts with and destroys free radicals

Back 8

Vitamin E

Front 9

Which vitamin is a co-factor in blood clotting, activation of prothrombin

Back 9

Vitamin K

Front 10

What does Warfarin or Coumadin do?

Back 10

Anti-coagulant (blocks blood clotting)- blocks activation of prothrombin. (b/c is a structural analog of vitamin K)

Front 11

Glycerophospholipid (aka phosphoglyceride) Structure

Back 11

Large polar head group enables them to organize into sheets with polar head groups facing ( and interacting with) water and hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains interacting with each other in a layer sequestered from water.

Front 12

Another name for lecithin

Back 12

phosphatidylcholine

Front 13

Structure of cardiolipin

Back 13

large lipid head group (phosphatodiylglycerol).Found in mitochondrial membranes.

Front 14

Sphingomyelin and glycolipids are examples of:

Back 14

sphingolipids

Front 15

Glucosylcerebroside

Back 15

precursoor for synthesis of globosides and gangliosides

Front 16

Gangliosides carry net (negative/positive) charges

Back 16

negative

Front 17

globoside

Back 17

shiga toxin and verotoxin I bind to it specifically on the surface of cells

Front 18

gangliosides

Back 18

cholera toxin, tetanus, and botulinum neurotoxins bind to it

Front 19

Ganglioside deposits cause:

Back 19

up-regulation of genes related to inflammation in microglial cells (phagocytic immune cells of CNS), resulting in massive neuronal cell death

Front 20

Fxn of Genz-112638:

Back 20

Inhibit glucosylceramide synthase--> reduce synthesis of glucosylcerebroside--> reduce globoside and gangliosides. Possible treatment for Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's disease (lysosomal storage diseases).

Front 21

Lipid bilayers cause (increase/decrease) in entropy

Back 21

Cause an INCREASE in entropy due to release of water from hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids and sphingolipids

Front 22

3 Noncovalent interactions in lipid bilayer membranes:

Back 22

1. Van der Waals b/w hydrocarbon chains 2. H-bonding b/w polar head groups and water 3. electrostatic b/w (+) charged amino groups and (-) charged phosphate groups

Front 23

3 Proteins that facilitate transverse diffusion("flip flop") by acting as lipid transporters or pumps:

Back 23

1. flippase (outer to cytosol) 2. floppase (cytosol to outer) 3. scramblase (either direction towards equilibrium)

Front 24

Longer hydrocarbon chains cause (increase/decrease) in viscosity and (raise/lower) phase transition temp

Back 24

INCREASE in viscosity (aka a decrease in fluidity) and RAISE phase transition temp.

Front 25

Cis unsaturated bonds prevent tight packing of lipids which (increase/decrease) viscosity and (lower/highers) melting/freezing temp.

Back 25

DECREASE viscosity ( because are increasing fluidity) and LOWERS melt/freeze temp

Front 26

Cholesterol intercalates b/w membrane lipids (particularly sphingolipids) and (reduces/increases) both flexion of chains and their lateral mobility, resulting in (higher/lower) viscosity and (increase/decreased) membrane thickness

Back 26

Cholesterol REDUCES both flexion of chains and their lateral mobility, resulting in HIGHER viscosity and INCREASED membrane thickness.

Front 27

Cholesterol (higher/lowers) melting freezing temp.

Back 27

Cholesterol LOWERS melting/freezing temp b/c it prevents hydrocarbon chains from packing tightly together

Front 28

Phosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids( sphingomyelin and glycolipids) are concentrated in the (extracellular/cytoplasmic) face of plasma membranes

Back 28

EXTRACELLULAR. This is a result of their mode of synthesis, where carb or phosphocholine head groups are attached to a ceramide precursor in the lumen of the Golgi complex

Front 29

Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol are found mostly in the (extracellular/cytoplasmic) face of plasma membranes

Back 29

CYTOPLASMIC

Front 30

The alkenyl ether linkage in this type of lipid makes them a major membrane component of heart cells to protect against reactive oxygen species:

Back 30

Plasmalogen

Front 31

This is an ether lipid with important signaling fxns in platelet aggregation, inflammation and allergic response. Has significant water solubility.

Back 31

Platelet activating factor

Front 32

Type O antigen has a___ on it's terminal end

Back 32

Type O has NOTHING on it's terminal end. That is why it's the "universal" donor

Front 33

Type A antigen has a _____ on its terminal end.

Back 33

N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc)

Front 34

Type B antigen has a _____on its terminal end

Back 34

galactose

Front 35

ABO blood group antigens are specific oligosaccharide structures found where:

Back 35

in glycolipids ( globosides) and glycoproteins

Front 36

Glycosidase enzyme fxn:

Back 36

remove terminal GalNAc or Galactose from A or B antigens to convert them to "universal donor" O types

Front 37

A group of specialized glycolipids serve as a major component of outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Act as endotoxins.

Back 37

LPS (bacterial lipopolysaccharide)

Front 38

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides trigger (pro/anti) inflammatory signaling cascades I the immune system

Back 38

Triggers PRO-inflammatory signaling of secretion of cytokines and generation of nitric oxide causing pathogenic responses like sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure syndrome

Front 39

This type of protein can be ONLY be removed from membranes under conditions that disrupt membrane structure (ex. Using detergents)

Back 39

Integral membrane proteins

Front 40

This type of protein associated with membrane through protein-protein interactions and can be removed by altering the ionic conditions (ex. With high salt, low pH, or chelators of divalent cations)

Back 40

Peripheral membrane proteins

Front 41

(Integral/peripheral) proteins are transmembrane proteins that traverse membranes through hydrophobic alpha helices or beta barrel structures

Back 41

Integral

Front 42

This test is used to predict the presence of membrane spanning alpha-helical domains in protein sequences

Back 42

Hydropathy plot (plots of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity over length of protein sequence). DOES NOT predict Beta-barrel structures

Front 43

These associateintegral membrane proteins with the membrane. Examples include myristoyl group, palmitoyl group, isoprenyl group (farnesyl or geranylgeranyl) and GPI anchor.

Back 43

Lipid anchors

Front 44

Sugars attached to Ser or Thr residues and added stepwise, directly to amino acid in lumen of Golgi complex are (O-linked/N-linked) glycoproteins

Back 44

O-linked

Front 45

Mannose-rich oligosacchardie transferred in the ER from a dolichol carrier to Asn residues; carb further modified in both the ER and golgi apparatus. Is an (O-linked/N-linked) glycoprotein?

Back 45

N-linked

Front 46

Proteoglycans have (short/long), (branched/unbranched), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains attached to ____ residues through a trisaccharide "bridge"

Back 46

Proteoglycans have LONG, UNBRANCHED glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains (repeating disaccharide copolymers) attached to Ser residues through a trisaccharide "bridge"

Front 47

Typical glycoproteins have relatively (small/large), often (branched/unbranched) oligosaccharde chains

Back 47

Typical glycoproteins have relatively SMALL, often BRANCHED, oligosaccharide chains

Front 48

A single pass transmembrane glycoprotein from red blood cells

Back 48

Glycophorin

Front 49

Glycosaminoglycan covalently attached to a membrane or secreted protein

Back 49

Proteglycan

Front 50

Proteoglycans are major components of what types of tissues?

Back 50

cartilage and connective tissue

Front 51

The ___ domains of _______ in proteoglycans are important in binding to other proteins.

Back 51

The S domains of HEPARAN SULFATE in proteglycans are important in binding to other proteins.

Front 52

These induce a conformation change in proteins leading to altered activity, bring diff proteins into close proximity and thereby enhance their interaction, or simply concentrate a protein at a site where it is needed.

Back 52

S domains of Heparan sulfate

Front 53

This suppresses cancer metastasis through heparin-sulfate dependent inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases

Back 53

Syndecan

Front 54

These have disulfide bonds between Cys residues and regulate heparin-binding growth factor activities and play an important role in embryonic development. When dysregulated,can lead to carcinogenesis (cause cancer)

Back 54

Glypicans

Front 55

These form the cell walls of bacteria

Back 55

Peptidoglycans

Front 56

Linear polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides from the structures of…

Back 56

peptidoglycans. Which form cell walls of bacteria.

Front 57

This enzyme hydrolyzes bonds in the polysaccharide chain (aka glycosidic bond), which means it can mediate bacterial lysis

Back 57

Lysozyme

Front 58

What enzyme is responsible for making peptide cross links

Back 58

transpeptidases

Front 59

What types of antibiotics inhibit transpeptidases that are responsible for making peptide cross-links

Back 59

beta-lactam antibiotics

Front 60

2 examples of beta-lactam antibiotics

Back 60

penicillin and ampicillin. Also cephalosporin.

Front 61

What is a network of cross-linked proteins that determines cell shape, stabilizes membrane against deformation, and limits movement of integral membrane proteins

Back 61

Cytoskeleton

Front 62

What part of the cytoskeleton provides the "tracks" for directed mvmt of "cargo" including proteins, vesicles, oragnelles and other filaments?

Back 62

microtubules

Front 63

This protein in cytoskeleton polymerizes in asymmetrical helical arrays to form microfilaments and works with myosin to contract cells and muscle fibers

Back 63

actin

Front 64

This heterodimer in cytoskeleton is made of alpha and beta subunits that form long tubes (microtubules)

Back 64

Tubulin

Front 65

These proteins of the cytoskeleton form longer filaments in more permanent structures in tissues and are the principal proteins of nonliving tissues like skin and hair

Back 65

intermediate filament proteins

Front 66

This cytoskeletal protein lines the intracellular side of plasma membrane for maintenance of membraine integrity and cytoskeletal structure

Back 66

spectrin

Front 67

Membrane rafts are regions of membrane enriched in ____ and ______ that concentrate certain proteins (and exclude others), thus affecting interactions among membrane proteins

Back 67

sphingolipids, cholesterol

Front 68

Membrane rafts are important because ____

Back 68

they concentrate potentially interacting proteins

Front 69

_____ bind to extracellular matrix materials and to I-CAMs on other cells

Back 69

Integrins

Front 70

_____bind to cadherins in "homotypic or homophilic" interactions

Back 70

Cadherins

Front 71

_____ bind to N-CAMs

Back 71

N-CAMs

Front 72

_____bind to specific oligosaccharide structures (in tyrosine -sulfated glycoprotein ligands)

Back 72

Selectins

Front 73

In leukocyte recruitment, ______ mediate a weak "rolling" adhesion that slows leukocytes down , and _____ provide more stable interaction that allows leukocytes to adhere to endothelial cells and migrate through capillary wall into site of inflammation

Back 73

selectins, integrins

Front 74

____ and ____ are involved in recruitment of lymphocytes to sites of infection or injury

Back 74

selectins and integrins

Front 75

Adhesion proteins are transmembrane proteins that provide a link between ___ and ____

Back 75

cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Front 76

These interact with integrins on leukocyte surfaces to trap leukocytes at inflammation sites

Back 76

ICAMs

Front 77

Membranes are impermeable to (charged/uncharged) molecules and to (large/small and charged/uncharge)d polar molecules

Back 77

charged, large and uncharged

Front 78

Membranes are permeable to (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) molecules, molecular gases and small uncharged polar molecules

Back 78

hydrophobic

Front 79

As membrane-bound vesicles bud from or fuse to organelles, the "sidedness" of the membrane (stays the same/changes)

Back 79

stays the same ( aka cytoplasmic facing layer remains facing the cytoplasm while the luminal facing remains facing the lumen)

Front 80

Protein-mediated diffusion provides (hydrophobic/hydrophili) transmembrane passage

Back 80

hydrophilic

Front 81

This type of transport is saturable (trasnport velocity increases to plateau as solute concentration is increased)

Back 81

Carrier-mediated

Front 82

This type of transport increases linearly with solute concentration

Back 82

Channel-mediated

Front 83

Ampiphipathic transmembrane helices are helices with (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) side chains on one side and (polar/nonpolar) side chains on the other

Back 83

hydrophobic, polar

Front 84

Name an example of carrier-mediated trasnport

Back 84

Glucose transporters

Front 85

How many types of human glucose transporters are there?

Back 85

12 (Glut1-12)

Front 86

What type of glucose transporter is in fat and muscle cells?

Back 86

Glut 4

Front 87

What regulates Glut 4 (glucose trasnporter)?

Back 87

Insulin

Front 88

What promotes fusion of vesicles containing Glut4 transporters in their membranes with the plasma membrane, thus rapidly increasing concentration of transporters at cell surface

Back 88

insulin

Front 89

Insulin leads to rapid (uptake/outtake) of glucose (into/out) of cells and (increase/reduction) of blood glucose levels

Back 89

uptake, into, reduction

Front 90

What type of channels do neurotoxins often target?

Back 90

ion channels

Front 91

In (primary/secondary) active transport, ATP hydrolysis is directly involved in transport process to provide energy

Back 91

primary

Front 92

In (primary/seondary) active transport, use co-transport systems that use energy stored in sodium or proton electrochemical gradients

Back 92

secondary

Front 93

Name 2 examples of secondary active transport systems:

Back 93

1. sodium symport system 2. Sodium/Calcium Antiport

Front 94

Sodium symport system transports sodium ions and ____ or____ from small intestine into cells lining the intestine

Back 94

glucose, amino acids

Front 95

What type of secondary active transport systems transports calcium ions out of heart cells as sodium ions are allowed to enter cells

Back 95

Sodium/calcium antiport

Front 96

Na+-K+ ATPase is a __-type ATPase which is a primary active transporter that pumps how many Na+ ions out and how many K + ions into the cell?

Back 96

P-type ATPase. Pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

Front 97

What inhibits Na+-K+ATPase?

Back 97

Ouabain & Vanadate (analog of phosphate so will inhibit all P-type ATPases)

Front 98

In heart, if you block Na+-K+ATPase it (reduce/increases) function of the sodium-calcium antiport

Back 98

reduces fxn by lowering electrochemical gradiient of sodium ions, thus increasing cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions

Front 99

If have increased cytoplasmic concentration of calcium in the heart, you will have (stronger/weaker) heart contractions?

Back 99

stronger. Drug Vanadate does this by blocking Na+-K+ATPase so can reduce sodium-calcium antiport

Front 100

Use this organic solvent to extract lipids from more hydrophilic cell components such as proteins, carbs, nucleic acis, and their low molecular weight precursors

Back 100

chloroform