Bio221 - Ch 29

Front 1

Sporopollenin

Back 1

A durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plant spores, preventing them from drying out.

Front 2

Alternation of generations

Back 2

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and algae.

Front 3

Gametophyte

Back 3

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis. The haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes.

Front 4

Sporophyte

Back 4

In organisms (plants and some algae) that have alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from the union of gametes. Meiosis in the _____ produces haploid spores that develop into gametophytes.

Front 5

Spores

Back 5

In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meiosis. A _____ can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.

Front 6

Embryophyte

Back 6

Alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

Front 7

Sporangium (plural, sporangia)

Back 7

A multicellular organ in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid cells develop.

Front 8

Sporocyte

Back 8

A diploid cell within a sporangium that undergoes meiosis and generates haploid cells.

Front 9

Gametangia

Back 9

Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. Female _____ are called archegonia, and male _____ are called antheridia.

Front 10

Archegonia

Back 10

In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 11

Antheridia

Back 11

In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 12

Apical meristem

Back 12

A localized region at a growing tip ofa plant body where one or more cells divide repeatedly. The dividing cells of an _____ enable the plant to grow in length.

Front 13

Cuticle

Back 13

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Front 14

Stoma (plural, stomata)

Back 14

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Front 15

Vascular tissue

Back 15

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Front 16

Vascular plant

Back 16

A plant with vascular tissue. _____ include all living plant species except liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.

Front 17

Bryophyte

Back 17

An informal name for a moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Front 18

Lycophyte

Back 18

An informal name for a member of the phylum Lycophyta, which includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.

Front 19

Monilophyte

Back 19

An informal name for a member of the phylum Monilophyta, which includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives.

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Seedless vascular plant

Back 20

An informal name for a plant that has vascular tissue but lacks seeds. _____ form a paraphyletic group that includes the phyla Lycophyta (club mosses and their relatives) and Monilophyta (ferns and their relatives).

Front 21

Seed

Back 21

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.

Front 22

Gymnosperm

Back 22

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in protective chambers.

Front 23

Angiosperm

Back 23

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Front 24

Liverwort

Back 24

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Hepatophyta.

Front 25

Moss

Back 25

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Bryophyta.

Front 26

Hornwort

Back 26

A small, herbaceous, nonvascular plant that is a member of the phylum Anthocerophyta.

Front 27

Protonema (plural, protonemata)

Back 27

A mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores.

Front 28

Gametophore

Back 28

The mature gamete-producing structure of a moss gametophyte.

Front 29

Rhizoid

Back 29

A long, tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes to the ground. Unlike roots, _____ are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells, and do not play a primary role in water and mineral absorption.

Front 30

Foot

Back 30

The portion of a bryophyte sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells.

Front 31

Seta (plural, setae)

Back 31

The elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporophyte.

Front 32

Capsule

Back 32

The sporangium of a bryophyte (moss, liverwort, or hornwort).

Front 33

Peristome

Back 33

A ring of interlocking, tooth-like structures on the upper part of a moss capsule (sporangium), often specialized for gradual spore discharge.

Front 34

Peat

Back 34

Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material often formed primarily from the wetland moss Sphagnum.

Front 35

Xylem

Back 35

Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Front 36

Tracheid

Back 36

A long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. Functioning _____ are no longer living.

Front 37

Lignin

Back 37

A strong polymer embedded in the cellulose matrix of the secondary cell walls of vascular plants that provides structural support in terrestrial species.

Front 38

Phloem

Back 38

Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Front 39

Root

Back 39

An organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Front 40

Leaf

Back 40

The main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants.

Front 41

microphyll

Back 41

A small, usually spine-shaped leaf supported by a single strand of vascular tissue, found only in lycophytes.

Front 42

Megaphyll

Back 42

A leaf with a highly branched vascular system, found in almost all vascular plants other than lycophytes.

Front 43

Sporophyll

Back 43

A modified leaf that bears sporangia and hence is specialized for reproduction.

Front 44

Sorus (plural, sori)

Back 44

A cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll. _____ may be arranged in various patterns, such as parallel lines or dots, which are useful in fern identification.

Front 45

strobilus (plural, strobili)

Back 45

The technical term for a cluster of sporophylls known commonly as a cone, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants.

Front 46

homosporous

Back 46

Referring to a plant species that has a single kind of spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte.

Front 47

heterosporous

Back 47

Referring to a plant species that has two kinds of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes.

Front 48

megaspore

Back 48

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte.

Front 49

Microspore

Back 49

A spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte