Bio221 -Ch 28

Front 1

Protist

Back 1

An informal term applied to any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus. Most _____ are unicellular, though some are colonial or multicellular.

Front 2

Mixotroph

Back 2

An organism that is capable of both photosynthesis and heterotrophy.

Front 3

Endosymbiosis

Back 3

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism.

Front 4

Alga (plural, algae)

Back 4

A general term for any species of photosynthetic protist, including both unicellular and multicellular forms. _____ species are included in three eukaryote supergroups (Excavata, SAR, and Archaeplastida).

Front 5

Secondary endosymbiosis

Back 5

A process in eukaryotic evolution in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell, which survived in a symbiotic relationship inside the heterotrophic cell.

Front 6

Excavata

Back 6

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. _____ have unique cytoskeletal features, and some species have an “excavated” feeding groove on one side of the cell body.

Front 7

Diplomonad

Back 7

A protist that has modified mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella.

Front 8

Parabasalid

Back 8

A protist, such as a trichomonad, with modified mitochondria.

Front 9

Euglenozoan

Back 9

A member of a diverse clade of flagellated protists that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.

Front 10

Kinetoplastid

Back 10

A protist, such as a trypanosome, that has a single large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA.

Front 11

Euglenid

Back 11

A protist, such as Euglena or its relatives, characterized by an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge.

Front 12

SAR

Back 12

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This supergroup contains a large, extremely diverse collection of protists from three major subgroups: stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians.

Front 13

Stramenopiles

Back 13

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis and includes diatoms and brown algae.

Front 14

Diatom

Back 14

Photosynthetic protist in the stramenopile clade; _____ have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide embedded in an organic matrix.

Front 15

Golden alga

Back 15

A biflagellated, photosynthetic protist named for its color, which results from its yellow and brown carotenoids.

Front 16

Brown alga

Back 16

A multicellular, photosynthetic protist with a characteristic brown or olive color that results from carotenoids in its plastids. Most _____ are marine, and some have a plantlike body.

Front 17

Holdfast

Back 17

A rootlike structure that anchors a seaweed.

Front 18

Stipe

Back 18

A stemlike structure of a seaweed.

Front 19

Blade

Back 19

A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.

Front 20

Alternation of generations

Back 20

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants and some algae.

Front 21

Heteromorphic

Back 21

Referring to a condition in the life cycle of plants and certain algae in which the sporophyte and gametophyte generations differ in morphology.

Front 22

Isomorphic

Back 22

Referring to alternating generations in plants and certain algae in which the sporophytes and gametophytes look alike, although they differ in chromosome number.

Front 23

Alveolates

Back 23

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. This clade arose by secondary endosymbiosis, and its members have membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli) located just under the plasma membrane.

Front 24

Dinoflagellate

Back 24

A member of a group of mostly unicellular photosynthetic algae with two flagella situated in perpendicular grooves in cellulose plates covering the cell.

Front 25

Apicomplexan

Back 25

A group of alveolate protists, this clade includes many species that parasitize animals. Some _____ cause human disease.

Front 26

Ciliate

Back 26

A type of protist that moves by means of cilia.

Front 27

Conjugation

Back 27

In ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce.

Front 28

Rhizarians

Back 28

One of the three major subgroups for which the SAR eukaryotic supergroup is named. Many species in this clade are amoebas characterized by threadlike pseudopodia.

Front 29

Amoeba

Back 29

A protist characterized by the presence of pseudopodia.

Front 30

Pseudopodium (plural, pseudopodia)

Back 30

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

Front 31

Radiolarian

Back 31

A protist, usually marine, with a shell generally made of silica and pseudopodia that radiate from the central body.

Front 32

Foram (foraminiferan)

Back 32

An aquatic protist that secretes a hardened shell containing calcium carbonate and extends pseudopodia through pores in the shell.

Front 33

Test

Back 33

In foram protists, a porous shell that consists of a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate.

Front 34

Cercozoan

Back 34

An amoeboid or flagellated protist that feeds with threadlike pseudopodia.

Front 35

Archaeplastida

Back 35

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This monophyletic group, which includes red algae, green algae, and plants, descended from an ancient protistan ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium.

Front 36

Red alga

Back 36

A photosynthetic protist, named for its color, which results from a red pigment that masks the green of chlorophyll. Most _____ are multicellular and marine.

Front 37

Green alga

Back 37

A photosynthetic protist, named for green chloroplasts that are similar in structure and pigment composition to the chloroplasts of plants. _____ are a paraphyletic group; some members are more closely related to plants than they are to other _____.

Front 38

Unikonta

Back 38

One of four supergroups of eukaryotes proposed in a current hypothesis of the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. This clade, which is supported by studies of myosin proteins and DNA, consists of amoebozoans and opisthokonts.

Front 39

Amoebozoan

Back 39

A protist in a clade that includes many species with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia.

Front 40

Opishokont

Back 40

A member of an extremely diverse clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related groups of protists.

Front 41

Producer

Back 41

An organism that produces organic compounds from CO 2 by harnessing light energy (in photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes).