Bio Ii - Unit 2

Front 1

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

Back 1

Takes place within mitochondrial matrix

Front 2

What must happen before the citric acid cycle can begin?

Back 2

Pyruvate needs to be converted to Acetyl-CoA (before what?)What

Front 3

What molecules are generated for one turn of the citric acid cycle?

Back 3

1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 generated (per one turn if what?)

Front 4

How many turns of the citric acid cycle per glucose?

Back 4

2 turns

Front 5

Coenzyme A (What does it do?)

Back 5

Converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (what does?)

Front 6

Citrate Synthase (what reaction does it catalyze)

Back 6

Acetyl CoA adds to 2C to oxaloacetate (which enzyme)

Front 7

CoA - SH (when is it released?)

Back 7

Step 1 of citric acid cycle ( What is it released?)

Front 8

Aconitase (What does it catalyze?)

Back 8

Citrate to Isocitrate {isomers} (Catalyzed by what enzyme?)

Front 9

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (what reaction does it catalyze?)

Back 9

Isocitrate oxidized

NAD + reduced to NADH (catalyzed by what?

Front 10

a-ketglutarate (product of what?)

Back 10

Step 3 of calvin cycle (produces what?)

Front 11

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (catalyzes what?)

Back 11

a-ketogkutarate loses 1 CO2, NAD+ reduced to NADH, remaining molecues attached to CoA-SH (catalyzed by what?)

Front 12

succinyl-CoA synthetase (catalyzes what?)

Back 12

CoA displaced by PO4, PO4 transferred to GDP, GDP -> GTP -> transfers PO4 to ADP = ATP (catalyzed by what?)

Front 13

Succinate (formed when/where)

Back 13

Step 5 of Citric Acid cycle (generates what?)

Front 14

Succinic dehydrogenase (Catalyzes what?）

Back 14

Succinate oxidized : 2H to FAD = FADH2 {fumarate} (catalyzed by what?)

Front 15

FAD (what does it stand for?)

Back 15

Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide (Acronym?)

Front 16

Fumarase (catalyzes what?)

Back 16

Fumarate + H20 = malate

Front 17

Malate Dehydrogenase (Catalyzes what?)

Back 17

Malate oxidized, NAD+ -> NADH = oxaloacetate (catalyzed by what)

Front 18

NAD+ reduced to NADH (& an H+) + 1 CO2 lost (what step of krebs cycle)

Back 18

Step 3 (What happens)

Front 19

NAD+ reduced to NADH & H+, CO2 released, CoA-SH used (What step of Krebs cycle?)

Back 19

Step 4 (what intermediaries are released/transformed/used in this step of the krebs cycle)

Front 20

CoA-SH produced, Phosphate group used (What step of the krebs cycle)

Back 20

Step 5 of the Krebs cycle (what intermediaries are produced/released)

Front 21

How many CO2 molecules are generated per turn of the citric acid cycle

Back 21

2 CO2 molecules (generated per one turn of what cycle?)

Front 22

Oxidoreductases (What do they do?)

Back 22

Catalyzes transfer of electrons from one molecule (What type of enzyme is this?)

Front 23

Transferases (What do they do?)

Back 23

Enact the transfer of specific functional groups from one molecule (What Enzyme is this?)

Front 24

Hydrolases (What do they do?)

Back 24

Catalyses hydrolysis of a substrate (What Enzyme does this?)

Front 25

Lyases (What do they do?)

Back 25

Catalyses breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation (What Enzyme is this?)

Front 26

Isomerases (What do they do?)

Back 26

Catalyzes conversion of a compound to an isomer (What Enzyme is this?)

Front 27

Ligases (What do they do?)

Back 27

Catalyze joining of two large molecules by forming a new bond, usually accompanying hydrolysis (What enzyme does this?)

Front 28

Kinases (What do they do?)

Back 28

Catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates (What enzyme does this?)

Front 29

Dehydrogenases (What do they do?)

Back 29

Catalyze removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule (What enzyme does this?)

Front 30

In what form is the energy extracted from food found as?

Back 30

ATP -> directly available

NADH//FADH2 -> electron carriers, contains most of the energy

(What role do these molecules have? What do they store?)

Front 31

NADH//FADH2 (What is their role?)

Back 31

Donate electrons to ETC, powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

Front 32

Where is the ETC located?

Back 32

Inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondrion (what is located here?)

Front 33

What are the components of the ETC?

Back 33

Proteins arranged in multiprotein complexes I-IV, Cytochromes, Ubiquinone (Components of what?)

Front 34

What is the function of the ETC?

Back 34

Break large free energy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts (Function of what?)

Front 35

Chemiosmosis (What is it?)

Back 35

Use of energy in H+ gradient to drive cellular work (What is the name for this?)

Front 36

How much ATP can be made with 1 NADH

Back 36

2.5 ATP (Generated with what molecule?)

Front 37

How much ATP can be made with one FADH2

Back 37

1.5 ATP (Generated with what molecule?)

Front 38

Fats digested as glycerol are used for what part of cell. respiration?

Back 38

Glycolysis

Front 39

What do fats digested as fatty acids generate through beta-oxidation?

Back 39

Acetyl CoA (Generated by what molecules through beta-oxidation?)

Front 40

How much ATP does an oxidized gram of fat yield?

Back 40

2 ATP (generate by an oxidized gram of what?)

Front 41

What does one Beta-Oxidation cycle generate?

Back 41

1 NADH, 1 FADH2 & 1 acetyl CoA (generated by one cycle of which process?) `

Front 42

How much ATP does the oxidation of ATP yield?

Back 42

16.5 to 18.5 ATP (Generated by which process?)

Front 43

Which amino acids are not glucogenic?

Back 43

Leucine & Lysine (What characterizes these two amino acids?)

Front 44

What are the two Ketone bodies that are converted to Acetyl-CoA & used as a source of energy for brain&heart

Back 44

Acetoacetic acid and beta-hydrobutyric acid (used for what?)

Front 45

What are the two things that inhibit phosphofructokinase?

Back 45

ATP and Citrate (Inhibit what?)

Front 46

What stimulates phosphofructokinase?

Back 46

AMP concentration

Front 47

What happens during periods of low energy demand?

Back 47

Excess ATP used to convert creatine to phosphocreatine (Happens when?)

Front 48

What happens during periods of high energy demand?

Back 48

Phospocreatine anaerobically donates a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP (Happens when?)

Front 49

How does the Phosphagen system generate ATP?

Back 49

Creatine Kinase transfers P from creatine phosphate to ADP (What energy system is this?)

Front 50

What are a few alternatives to O2 as final electron acceptor?

Back 50

Sulfur, Nitrate, CO2, inorganic metals (used as what in prokaryotes?)

Front 51

Methanogens (what do they do?)

Back 51

Create Methane, CO2 reduced to CH4 (Who does this?)

Front 52

Sulfur bacteria (What do they do?)

Back 52

SO4 is reduced to hydrogen sulfide (H2) (Who does this?)

Front 53

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (What can they do?)

Back 53

Anaerobically oxidize methane formed by methanogens, oxidize organic compounds or molecular hydrogen while reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (Who does this?)

Front 54

Alcohol Fermentation (What Happens?)

Back 54

Pyruvate converted to Ethanol in two steps, CO2 and NAD+ produced (What process is this?)

Front 55

Lactic Acid Fermentation (What happens?)

Back 55

Pyruvate reduced by NADH, lactate formed (ionized lactic acid)

Front 56

How much ATP per glucose does lactic acid fermentation produce?

Back 56

2 ATP/Glucose (what process produces this many ATP/Glucose)

Front 57

Converts lactate to pyruvate

Back 57

Lactate Dehydrogenase (converts what to what?)

Front 58

Final electron acceptors in fermentation?

Back 58

Pyruvate or Acetaldehyde (what role in fermentation?)

Front 59

What organism is responsible for most of the photosynthetic activity on earth?

Back 59

Unicellular Algae (responsible for what?)

Front 60

Purple Sulfur Bacteria (What are they?)

Back 60

Anaerobic/Photosynthetic bacteria (What are they called?)

Front 61

Where are chloroplasts found?

Back 61

Mesophyl cells in interior tissue of the leaf (What is found here?)

Front 62

How many Chloroplasts are found in a Mesophyl?

Back 62

30-40 Chloroplasts (found where?)

Front 63

Stromata (What are they?)

Back 63

Pores in leaf (What are they called?)

Front 64

Why is photosynthesis a redox process?

Back 64

H20 is oxidized & CO2 is reduced (Describes what process?)

Front 65

What happens during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 65

light energy transformed in Chemical energy (Occurs in which part of photosynthesis?)

Front 66

What are the results of the light reactions?

Back 66

H20 split, O2 released, NADP+ to NADPH, ATP from ADP (results of what part of photosynthesis?)

Front 67

What are the results of the Calvin Cycle?

Back 67

Sugar formed, CO2 formed, ATP&NADPH used (results of what part of photosynthesis?)

Front 68

What does the Calvin Cycle begin with?

Back 68

Carbon fixation (beginning of which part of Photosynthesis?)

Front 69

Accessory Pigments (What are they called?)

Back 69

Carotenoids, Chlorophyl II b (What are these?)

Front 70

Action Spectrum (What is it?)

Back 70

Relative Effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving photoshyntesis (What is the word for this?)

Front 71

Photosystem I (what wavelength?)

Back 71

700nm (Which Photosystem has this wavelength?)

Front 72

Photosystem II (What wavelength?)

Back 72

680nm (Which Photosystem has this wavelength?)

Front 73

Photosystem (What is it?)

Back 73

reaction-center complexes (protein complex) surrounded by light harvesting complexes (What is this called?)

Front 74

Light harvesting complexes (What are they?)

Back 74

Pigment molecules bound to proteins (What is the word for this?)

Front 75

Light harvesting complexes (What do they do?)

Back 75

Funnel energy of photons to reaction center (What complexes fulfill this role?)

Front 76

What is the first step of the light reactions?

Back 76

Solar-Powered transfer of electrons from chlorophyll a to primary electron acceptor (What step of which part of photosynthesis is this?)

Front 77

Which Photosystem happens first?

Back 77

Photosystem II (happens first or second?)

Front 78

What are the two possible routes for electron flow during the light reactions?

Back 78

Linear Electron flow & Cyclic Electron flow

Front 79

What is the primary pathway that involves both photosystems and produces ATP//NADPH?

Back 79

Linear Electron flow (what characterizes this pathway?)

Front 80

Linear Electron flow step 1 (What happens?)

Back 80

Photon hits a pigment in light-harvesting complex of Ps II, energy passes among pigment molecules until it excites P680 pair of chlorophyll a

Front 81

Linear Electron flow step 2 (What happens?)

Back 81

excited electron from P680 is transferred to primary electron acceptor (Phaephytin) and P680 becomes P680+

Front 82

Phaephytin (What is it?)

Back 82

Chlorphyll a without Mg 2+ (What is it?)

Front 83

Linear Electron flow step 3(What happens?)

Back 83

Enzyme catalyzes splitting of water, e transferred one by one to P680+ , two Os combine, 2 H+ released

Front 84

Linear Electron flow step 4 (What happens?)

Back 84

Photoexited electron passes from primary electron acceptor of PSII to PSI via electron transport chain

Front 85

What is the ETC in linear electron flow made of

Back 85

Plastoquinone, Cytochrome Complex, Plastocyanin

Front 86

Linear Electron flow step 5 (What Happens?)

Back 86

Fall of electron is used to pump protons across thylakoid membrane, used in Chemiosmosis

Front 87

Linear Electron flow step 6 (What Happens?)

Back 87

Process from PS2 repeated in PS1, energy passed among pigment molecules until it excites P700

Front 88

Linear Electron flow step 7 (What Happens?)

Back 88

Photoexcited electron passes from primary electron acceptor of PSI down a second electron transport chain through ferredoxin (Fd), does not create proton gradient

Front 89

Linear Electron flow step 8 (What Happens?)

Back 89

NADP reductase transfers electrons from Fd to NADP+ = NADPH, used in calvin cycle

Front 90

What photosystem is used by cyclic electron flow?

Back 90

only photosystem I used by cyclic electron flow

Front 91

What is produced and what is not produced by cyclic electron flow?

Back 91

ATP produced, NADH and Oxygen not produced

Front 92

What might cyclic electron flow protect cells from?

Back 92

Light-induced damage (What protects plants from this?)

Front 93

Role of Plastoquinone in chemiosmosis in chloroplasts?

Back 93

Transfers electron to cytochrome complex

Front 94

What powers ATP synthase in Chloroplasts?

Back 94

Diffusion of H+ from thylakoid space to stroma (down concentration gradient)_

Front 95

What does the Calvin Cycle use to convert CO2 to sugar

Back 95

ATP & NADPH (used to do what in the calvin cycle?)

Front 96

What does the calvin cycle use to build G3P

Back 96

Smaller molecules using ATP & reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH (What is built using this?)

Front 97

How many times must the carbon cycle take place for 1 G3P to be produced

Back 97

Three times (What cycle must take place this many times for 1 G3P to be produced?)

Front 98

How much CO2 molecules need to be fixed by the calvin cycle in order for one G3P to be produced?

Back 98

3 CO2 molecules (produced by 3 turns of what cycle?)

Front 99

3 phases of Calvin Cycle?

Back 99

Carbon Fixation, Reduction, Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 acceptor) (3 phases of which cycle?)

Front 100

RUBISCO (What does it stand for?)

Back 100

Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxidase

Front 101

Result of CO2 being attached to RuBP

Back 101

Short-lived GC intermediate followed by 3-phosphoglycerate (Result of What?)

Front 102

Result of phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate by ATP

Back 102

1-3 bisphosphoglycerate (result of what?)

Front 103

Result of reduction of 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH

Back 103

ATP (result of reduction of what molecule by NADPH in calvin cycle?)

Front 104

Product of re-arrangement of Carbon skeleton of 5 G3P

Back 104

3 RuBP (15 carbon total) (Product of what?)

Front 105

Required for the synthesis of 1 G3P by Calvin Cycle

Back 105

3x cycle, 9ATP, 6NADPH (required for synthesis of what?)

Front 106

two enzymatic activities of Rubisco

Back 106

Carboxylation and Photorespiration (Enzymatic activies of which enzyme?)

Front 107

Carboxylation (Favored When?)

Back 107

Favored under normal conditions (Which enzymatic activity is?)

Front 108

Photorespiration (Favored When?)

Back 108

Favoured when stoma are closed in hot conditions

Front 109

Advantages/Disadvantages of Photorespiration?

Back 109

allows nitrate assimilation from soil, reduces free radicals, can drain as much as 50% of carbon fixed by calvin cycle

Front 110

Photorespiration vs. Carboxylation?

Back 110

O2 added to RuBP instead of CO2, O2 consumed & CO2 released without producing ATP/sugar

Front 111

How much does Photorespiration cost?

Back 111

1 NADPH + 1 ATP/Cycle (Cost of what process?)

Front 112

C3 carbon fixation (what is it?)

Back 112

fix carbon using only C3 photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle) (What is the name for this?)

Front 113

How does C4 carbon fixation minimize the cost of photorespiration?

Back 113

By incorporating CO2 in 4 carbon cmpds in mesophyll cells (Which type of carbon fixation accomplishes what?)

Front 114

Where are the 4-carbon compounds from C4 fixation exported

Back 114

Bundle-Sheath cells (What compound from C4 fixation is exported here?)

Front 115

Which enzyme does C4 fixation require?

Back 115

PEP Carboxylase (required by what kind of carbon fixation?)

Front 116

How many extra ATPs are required by C4 fixation as compared to the carbon cycle?

Back 116

12 extra ATPs required (required by what kind of carbon fixation?)

Front 117

Type of separation for CAM plants?

Back 117

Temporal Separation (separation for which type of plants?)

Front 118

How many H+ through membrane with NADH?

Back 118

10 H+

Front 119

How many H+ through membrane with FADH2

Back 119

6 H+

Front 120

How much H+ through ATP synthase for 1 ATP?

Back 120

4H+

Front 121

What is Metabolism?

Back 121

The total sum of annabolic and Catabolic reactions

Front 122

What are the two types of Metabolic Pathways?

Back 122

Catabolic & Anabolic Pathways

Front 123

Catabolic Pathways (what are they?)

Back 123

Release energy, breakdown complex molecules

Front 124

Catabolic Pathway (example)

Back 124

Cellular Respiration

Front 125

Annabolic Pathway (what is it?)

Back 125

Consumes energy to build complex molecule from simpler ones

Front 126

Annabolic Pathway (example?)

Back 126

synthesis of proteins

Front 127

First law of thermodynamics (what is it?)

Back 127

Energy of the universe is constant

Front 128

2nd law of thermodynamics (what is it?)

Back 128

In every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable

Front 129

In what case do chemical reactions occur spontaneously?

Back 129

When they increase the entropy of the universe

Front 130

How can entropy in an organism be increased?

Back 130

More complex structures can be created

Front 131

What is energy?

Back 131

The capacity to cause change

Front 132

What is a living system's free energy?

Back 132

Energy that can do work when pressure and temperature are uniform

Front 133

Which processes are spontaneous?

Back 133

Processes with a negative change in free energy

Front 134

Endergonic (characteristics?)

Back 134

Products have more free energy than reactants, Not spontaneous

Front 135

Exergonic (characteristics?)

Back 135

Products have less free energy than reactants, spontaneous

Front 136

How does the amount of free energy affect stability?

Back 136

More free energy = less stable, less free energy = more stable

Front 137

Energy Coupling (what is it?)

Back 137

Use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Front 138

Mediates energy coupling in cells

Back 138

ATP

Front 139

What is ATP made up of?

Back 139

Ribose sugar, Adenine nitrogenous base, 3 phosphate groups

Front 140

Is ATP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic

Back 140

exergonic

Front 141

How does ATP drive endergonic rxn?

Back 141

by phosphorylation

Front 142

What is phosphorylation?

Back 142

Transfer of a phosphate group to some other molecule

Front 143

How can the active site of an enzyme lower an EA barrier?

Back 143

By orienting substrate correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing favorable microenvironment, and covalently bonding to the substrate

Front 144

Apoenzyme (what is it?)

Back 144

Protein Portion, inactive

Front 145

Holoenzyme (what is it?)

Back 145

Whole Enzyme (active)

Front 146

Why is cellular respiration a redox process?

Back 146

Hydrogen with electrons is transferred from glucose to oxygen , energy released

Front 147

Essentially, what is cellular respiration?

Back 147

Gradual oxidization of glucose

Front 148

NAD+ (what does it do?)

Back 148

Harnesses potential energy by capturing electrons

Front 149

What does NAD+ become after it captures electrons?

Back 149

NADH

Front 150

NADH (what does it do?)

Back 150

transfers electrons to ETC

Front 151

Where does glycolysis take place?

Back 151

In the cytoplasm

Front 152

What process forms most of the ATP?

Back 152

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 153

Substrate-level phosphorylation (what does it do?)

Back 153

forms small amount of ATP in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Front 154

Glycolysis (what are the two major phases?)

Back 154

Energy investment phase & energy payoff phase

Front 155

Step 1 (EIP)

Back 155

Glucose enters cell, Glucose-6-phosphate produced

Front 156

Step 1 (EIP) [what enzyme?]

Back 156

Hexokinase

Front 157

Step 1 (EIP) [what is invested?]

Back 157

1 ATP

Front 158

Step 2 (EIP)

Back 158

Glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

Front 159

Step 2 (EIP) [What enzyme]

Back 159

Phosphoglucoisomerase

Front 160

Step 3 (EIP)

Back 160

Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylated to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Front 161

Step 3 (EIP) [What enzyme?]

Back 161

Phosphofructokinase

Front 162

Step 3 (EIP) [What is invested?]

Back 162

1 ATP

Front 163

How is phosphofructokinase regulated

Back 163

regulated allosterically by ATP & its products

Front 164

Step 4 (EIP)

Back 164

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved to dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Front 165

Step 4 (EIP) [what enzyme?]

Back 165

Aldolase

Front 166

Step 5 (EIP)

Back 166

Conversion between G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Front 167

Step 5 (EIP) [What enzyme?]

Back 167

Isomerase

Front 168

Step 5 (EIP) [In which direction is the reaction pulled?]

Back 168

Reaction pulled in direction of G3P

Front 169

Energy Payoff phase (what is the net product?)

Back 169

2 G3P

Front 170

Step 6 (EPP)

Back 170

G3P to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Front 171

Step 6 (EPP) [What are the two reactions]

Back 171

G3P oxidized (e/H+ transferred NAD+ -> NADH), Energy released to attach phosphate to oxidized substrate

Front 172

Step 6 (EPP) [What enzyme?]

Back 172

Triose phosphate dehydrogenase

Front 173

Step 6 (EPP) [transfer of e/H+ to NAD+ exergonic or endergonic?]

Back 173

Exergonic

Front 174

Step 6 (EPP) [Intermediaries?)

Back 174

2 NAD+ to 2NADH + 2H+ & 2 phosphate groups release

Front 175

Step 7 (EPP)

Back 175

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

Front 176

Step 7 (EPP) [What Enzyme?]

Back 176

Phosphoglycero-kinase

Front 177

Step 7 (EPP) [Intermediaries]

Back 177

2 ATP produced, (2 ATP/glucose invested)

Front 178

What reaction involving ATP happens in Step 7 of glycolysis

Back 178

Exergonic reaction; PO4 added to ADP to make ATP

Front 179

Where does the energy for adding PO4 to ADP come from

Back 179

Energy comes from oxidation of sugar in Step 6

Front 180

Step 8 (EPP)

Back 180

PO4 relocated on 3-phosphoglycerate to obtain 2-phosphoglycerate

Front 181

Step 8 (EPP) [What enzyme?]

Back 181

Phosphoglyceromutase

Front 182

Step 9 (EPP)

Back 182

Double bond formed in 2-phosphoglycerate to form PEP & H2O

Front 183

Step 9 (EPP) [What enzyme?]

Back 183

Enolase

Front 184

Step 10 (EPP)

Back 184

PEP to Pyruvate

Front 185

Step 10 (EPP) [What enzyme?]

Back 185

Pyruvate Kinase

Front 186

Step 10 (EPP) [Intermediaries?]

Back 186

PO4 transferred from PEP to ADP -> ATP

Front 187

Net yield of glycolysis?

Back 187

2 ATP/Glucose + 2 NADH/glucose

Front 188

What will the pyruvate produced in glycolysis be used for?

Back 188

Citric acid cycle (if oxygen present) or fermentation (if oxygen not present)

Front 189

When does Substrate-level phosphorylation happen in Glycolysis

Back 189

Steps 7&10

Front 190

Phosphorylated by Hexokinase

Back 190

Glucose

Front 191

converted to isomer by phosphogluco-isomerase

Back 191

Glucose-6-phosphate

Front 192

Phosphorylated by phosphofructokinase

Back 192

Fructose-6-phosphated

Front 193

Cleaved by Aldolase

Back 193

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Front 194

Isomerase catalyzes conversion between which two isomers?

Back 194

G3P & Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Front 195

Converted to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate by Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Back 195

G3P

Front 196

Converted to 3-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglycerokinase

Back 196

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

Front 197

Converted to 2-Phosphoglycerate by Phosphoglyceromutase

Back 197

3-Phosphoglycerate

Front 198

Converted to PEP by Enolase

Back 198

2-Phosphoglycerate

Front 199

Converted to Pyruvate by Pyruvate Kinase

Back 199

PEP

Front 200

At what step of Glycolysis is H2O released?

Back 200

Step 9

Front 201

Why do animals store most of their energy as fats?

Back 201

Oxidized gram of fat produces twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate

Front 202

What would an 18C fatty acid chain going through beta-oxidation produce?

Back 202

8NADH, 8FADH2, 9 acetyl CoA

Front 203

Oxidation of glycerol (what is invested/what is produced?)

Back 203

1 ATP invested, 1 NADH produced

Front 204

What is formed when FAs are broken down in liver

Back 204

ketone bodies

Front 205

Thylakoid Stacks (what are they called?)

Back 205

Grana

Front 206

Fluid in chloroplasts (what is it called?)

Back 206

Stroma

Front 207

Why is photosynthesis a redox process

Back 207

H2O is oxidized and CO2 reduced

Front 208

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

Back 208

light reactions (photo), Calvin Cycle (synthesis)

Front 209

Action Spectrum (what is it?)

Back 209

Profiles relative effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving photosynthesis

Front 210

What light works best for photosynthesis?

Back 210

Violet-blue and red light

Front 211

When was the action spectrum of photosynthesis first demonstrated?

Back 211

In Engelmann's experiment

Front 212

How was the action spectrum of photosynthesis first demonstrated?

Back 212

Exposing algae to different wavelengths , areas receiving wavelengths favorable to photosynthesis produce more O2

Front 213

What do sulfate-reducing bacteria do?

Back 213

Oxidize organic compounds or molecular hydrogen while reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide

Front 214

Sulfate reduction/Methane oxidation formula

Back 214

CH4 + SO4^2- -> HCO3- + HS- + H2O

Front 215

Basic fermentation equation

Back 215

Organic molecule + NADH -> reduced organic molecule + NAD+

Front 216

What is acetaldehyde's role in alcohol fermentation?

Back 216

Accepts pair of electrons from NADH producing NAD+ and ethanol

Front 217

Malate-aspartate shuttle (what is its role?)

Back 217

NADH generated by fermentation enters matrix through this

Front 218

What powers ATP synthase in chloroplasts?

Back 218

Diffusion of H+ from thylakoid space to stroma (down concentration gradient)

Front 219

Chemiosmosis in Mitochondria (source of energy?)

Back 219

Chemical energy from food to ATP

Front 220

Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts (source of energy?)

Back 220

Light energy into chemical energy of ATP

Front 221

Spatial organization of chemiosmosis in Mitochondria

Back 221

Protons pumped to intermembrane space & diffuse back into mitochondrial matrix

Front 222

What type of pathway is the calvin cycle?

Back 222

Anabolic pathway

Front 223

In the calvin cycle, what precedes 3-phosphoglycerate?

Back 223

6-Carbon intermediate

Front 224

What is the most abundant protein on earth?

Back 224

Rubisco

Front 225

Hexose Isomerase (what does it do?)

Back 225

F6P -> G6P

Front 226

How much G3P is needed to make one F6P

Back 226

2 G3P

Front 227

Product of attachment of CO2 to RuBP by Rubisco (calvin cycle)

Back 227

3-phosphoglycerate

Front 228

Product of phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate by ATP (calvin cycle)

Back 228

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Front 229

What happens when 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced by NADPH in the calvin cycle

Back 229

PO4 lost, 6 G3P produced, 1 leaves cell, 5 recycled to generate 3 RuBP

Front 230

How many ATP are dephosphorylated to ADP to re-arrange the carbon skeleton of 5G3P into 3 RuBP

Back 230

3 ATP -> 3 ADP

Front 231

What is the role of a P680 pair of chlorophyll a in linear electron flow

Back 231

P680 becomes P680+ (gives off electron ) and splits H2O

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In linear electron flow, what happens after H2O is split

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O combines with O from other splitting to form O2, 2H+ released

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In liner electron flow, where does the energy to pump protons across the Thylakoid membrane come from

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Fall of é from PS II to PS I via ETC

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After the splitting of H2O in Linear electron flow, what is the 2H+ released used for?

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Contributes to proton-motive force

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What is the role of P700 in Photosystem I

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Becomes P700+, accepts é from ETC

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In linear electron flow, what happens after electrons from the ETC are accepted by P700+

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Pass from primary é acceptor down second transport chain through ferredoxin

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At the end of linear electron flow, how is NADPH generated?

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NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from Ferredoxin to NADPH

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What conditions are created by closed Stoma in plants?

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Low CO2 and high O2

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What can decrease photorespiration rates?

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Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations

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Why does photorespiration cost less in C4 plants?

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PEP has a higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco

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How is CO2 incorporated into 4 carbon compounds in C4 plants?

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PEP + CO2 -> Oxaloacetate (4C)

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2 examples of C4 plants

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Corn and sugarcane

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Example of CAM plant

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Pineapple

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When do CAM plants open their stomata?

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At night

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What is O2 incorporated into in CAM plants?

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organic acids

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Gross Primary Productivity (what is it?)

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Amount of Carbon fixed per unit of time in a given area

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Net Primary Productivity (what is it?)

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GPP - amount of carbon used in cell. resp. by photosynthetic organisms