The citric acid cycle produces energy by the oxidation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and ATP 3, 5, 7. Acetyl CoA can be synthesised from carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids.1, 5, 7. Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes oxidation and decarboxylation by the multi enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase to produce acetyl CoA. 7, 8, 10. The citric acid cycle also provides carbon skeletons for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, cholesterol, haeme and other molecules that are vital for survival. 1, 5, 6,…
The reactants that enzyme act upon with the substrate and the enzyme will bind together into the active site. The catalyst is important to the enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen peroxide and oxygen gas, where the rate of reaction of the catalyst will increase the temperature until it has reached the optimum temperature above 37°C is reached. If the optimum temperature has reached above 37°C then the kinetic energy and substrate molecules will begin to denature. The purpose of the lab was to determine the effects different temperature in yeast and hydrogen peroxide in a catalyst enzyme on reaction rate. There were many sources of errors that occur in the lab from having just one trial, using the same thermometer for each solution and inaccurate timing.…
Sweta Soni 2/22/15 Biochem Lab Experiment 5 Introduction The purpose of Experiment 5-1 is to separate a mixture of three molecules—blue dextran, cytochrome c, and potassium chromate—through the use of gel-filtration chromatography. The volume at which each molecule elutes will be recorded in order to determine the accuracy of separation. The purpose of Experiment 5-2 is to purify the E. coli enzyme, β-Galactosidase through the use of affinity chromatography on P-aminobenzyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside agarose, which is a good substrate for the enzyme.…
Demonstration of Cellular Respiration Inside Lima Beans Cells in Vitro Purpose: Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions that take place in the mitochondria and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP by the breakdown of food molecules. There are three processes involved in cellular respiration; glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. During this processes, glucose is oxidized by a series of redox reactions and its electrons and hydrogen ions are donated to two electron carriers called NAD+ and FAD.…
Determining Enzymes that Result to Mutation on the three Stages of Cellular Respiration Mary A Enriquez University of the Pacific November 11, 2014 2 Green Dr. Geoffrey Lin-Cereghino Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to determine which type of food source could possibly help strains grow on both permissive and restrictive temperature. Based on all the chemicals accumulating, we can determine the enzymes that are used to inhibit the three stages of cellular respiration.…
The Effects of Competitive Inhibitors on Catechol Oxidase Enzyme Activity. Jaley Willingham, 2015, Functional Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, 78666. Abstract Competitive inhibitors may have an effect on enzyme activity.…
In most cases, a chemical reaction is able to occur in more than one way; enzyme kinetics studies the effect of how biological catalysts can influence biochemical reactions. Enzymes play an important role in regulating metabolic pathways in the human body and without enzymes they will not function efficiently. The rate of a reaction is enhanced by enzyme activity which provides alternate pathways for the reaction to proceed by.…
For this laboratory our enzyme was peroxidase, the source was the turnip extract, and the substrate was the guaiacol. The enzyme and substrate concentrations that were tested we had 3 trials of each one consisting of low, medium, and high,…
Studying the reaction of the enzyme catalase in different temperatures The purpose of this experiment was to measure the speed and the effectiveness of the enzyme catalase. The enzyme catalase purpose is to break down harmful substances and turn them into oxygen and water. The substance in this environment was hydrogen peroxide, and the study was to see how well the chicken liver would work if it was in a boiled environment, room temperature environment, an acid immersed environment and a basic environment.…
Half of them contained substrate solution and the other half contained enzyme solution. Unlike our previous experiment, this time we substituted different pH buffers for distilled water. Furthermore, for each substrate test tube we added 7mL of distilled water, 0.2 mL of guaiacol, and 0.3 mL of hydrogen peroxide for a total volume of 7.5 mL. In the enzyme tubes, we added 6.0 mL of pH solution, beginning at pH 4 in the first tube and changing the pH to 5 on the second test tube, so on and so forth. We also added, 1.5 mL of peroxidase for a total volume of 7.5 mL. Afterwards, we mixed the solutions individually and then combined the enzyme solution to the solution of the substrate. Upon placing the tubes back on the rack, we began to time the reaction and observed the color change using the color palette (Figure…
They catalyze most of the reactions compromised in metabolism and they do not just make the majority of the reactions possible, but also serve as mechanism of stabilization and control for these reactions. It is fair enough to admit that without the presence of enzymes life would not be possible. Enzymes kinetics focuses on how the enzymes behave in response to different concentrations of both substrates and products. During this lab the kinetics of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase will be explored. Alkaline phosphatase is considered as an ubiquitous enzyme which can be obtained by isolation from kidney, bone, plasma, intestine, liver, among others.…
The Effect of pH on Sucrase Kase Fears, Julia PaskVan, Austin Shead, Kylie Bonham, Haley Finkenbinder Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts. Catalysts speed up reactions by bringing substrates together into a precise orientation. The enzyme that will be tested is sucrase. Sucrase is secreted within the small intestine which will be used to speed up hydrolysis reaction into the products glucose and fructose.…
Discussion: The specific purpose for this study was to see how enzyme activity would change as there was a change in temperature and pH. Both temperature and pH were hypothesized to have an affect on enzyme activity. Each had an optimal temperature. At this point, the rate of enzyme activity would stop increasing and begin to decrease. For temperature, it was hypothesized that the optimal temperature would be 48°C.…
Discussion In this study, the Catechol enzyme was studied under the conditions of varying pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration. In Figure 1, the data suggested that the trend was neither directly nor inversely proportional, but the highest activity rate was at 24°C. Most enzymes denatured at higher temperatures of approximately 40°C, which led to the inability to see any color change (Helms et al., 1998). At lower temperatures, the enzyme was somewhat efficient because molecules move slower at lower temperatures, so enzymes lost productivity.…
By calculating the rate of reaction and studying the effects of varied conditions on the reaction, a great deal can be learnt about the enzyme, including how the enzyme could be inhibited, the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme etc. One of the most well-known ways to look at enzyme kinetics is the Michaelis-Menton equation, which relates reaction rate (V) to concentration of substrate ([S]). Its equation can be used to work out the maximum rate of reaction of the system (Vmax) and the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax (Km, also known as the Michaelis constant). Michaelis-Menton shows that the rate of reaction is dependent of the rate of formation of the enzyme-substrate complex and rate of formation of the product. This means that in the enzyme assay, the rate of reaction is dependent on the formation of NAD+ from NADH (Scopes, R.,…