Bio: Ch. 50 - Nutrition, Digestion, And Absorption

Front 1

Heterotroph

Back 1

Animal that obtains their nutrition by eating other organisms

Front 2

Autotroph

Back 2

Animal that traps solar energy through photosynthesis and uses it to synthesize all of their components

Front 3

Metabolic rate

Back 3

Measure of the overall energy needs that must be met by the animal’s food

Front 4

What components of food make up energy?

(list them in the order that they are metabolized in the body)

Back 4

1) Carbohydrates
2) Fats
3) Proteins

Front 5

Where are carbs stored and what as?

Back 5

Stored in LIVER and MUSCLE cells as GLYCOGEN

Front 6

What is the most important form of stored energy?

Why?

Back 6

Fat
- More energy per gram than glycogen
- Stored with little associated water, making it more compact

Front 7

Tell me about PROTEIN...

Back 7

NOT used to store energy but it can be used as a last resort

Front 8

Kwashiorkor

Back 8

Disease in which a person has too little protein to support body functions

Front 9

Essential Amino Acids

Back 9

Amino acids that must be aquired through food because they cannot be synthesized by the body

Front 10

What is an example of a group of essential nutrients?

What do they function as?

Back 10

VITAMINS
- They function as coenzymes

Front 11

Saprobes

(examples?)

Back 11

Absorb nutrients from dead organic matter

(ex. protists and fungi)

Front 12

Detritivores

(examples?)

Back 12

Actively feed on dead organic material

(ex. earthworms and crabs)

Front 13

Predators

(types?)

Back 13

Animals that feed on living organisms

- Herbivores
- Carnivores
- Omnivores

Front 14

Filter feeders

(examples?)

Back 14

Filter organisms from the aquatic environment

(ex. some whales)

Front 15

Fluid feeders

(examples?)

Back 15

Obtain food from the fluids produced by various organisms

(ex. mammals)

Front 16

What type of teeth DON'T herbivores use?

Back 16

Canine teeth

Front 17

How do nutrients enter the body?

Back 17

By crossing the plasma membranes of cells lining the gut

Front 18

What have the parts of the gut that absorb nutrients evolved and why?

Back 18

VILLI and MICROVILLI
- Present large surface areas to maximize nutrient absorption

Front 19

How many layers of tissue does the veterbrate gut have?

What is the first/outermost layer called?

Back 19

- 4 layers

- Mucosa

Front 20

Peristalsis

Back 20

A wave of smooth muscle contraction that pushes food from the esophagus into the stomach

Front 21

What is the major enzyme produced by the stomach?

Back 21

Pepsin

Front 22

What is the function of Hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Back 22

- Maintains a pH level of 1-3 in stomach fluid
- Activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

Front 23

What is the function of mucus in the stomach?

Back 23

Coats the walls of the stomach and protects them from being eroded and digested by HCl and pepsin

Front 24

Chyme

Back 24

Acidic mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

Front 25

Where do peristaltic contractions of the stomach move chyme?

Back 25

From stomach to intestine via pyloric sphincter

Front 26

What happens in the small intestine? (what continues/begins)

How long is it?

Back 26

- The digestion of carbs and proteins continues
- Digestion of fats and absorption of nutrients begins

- 6 meters long

Front 27

What is the function of BILE?

Where is it secreted and where is it stored?

Back 27

- Emulsifer: substance that prevents oil droplets from aggregatung (lumping together)
- Digests fats

- Secreted by the LIVER
- Stored in the GALLBLADDER

Front 28

What is the function of the PANCREAS?

(what does the pancreas produce and what does it function as?)

Back 28

Neutralizes the pH of chyme from the stomach
- Enzymes
- Bicarbonate solution

- Functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland

Front 29

Micelles

Back 29

The small fat particles surrounded by bile molecules

Front 30

What is bile synthesized from?

Back 30

Cholesterol

Front 31

What is the function of the COLON?

Back 31

- Absorbs water and ions
- Produces semisolid feces from indigestible material

Front 32

What is the function of the LIVER?

Back 32

Directs traffic of nutrients that fuel metabolism
- Interconverts fuel molecules
- Controls glucogenesis

Front 33

Glucogenesis

Back 33

Process in which the liver converts certain amino acids and other molecules into GLUCOSE

Front 34

What happens during the absorptive period?

Back 34

Blood glucose gets too high so the pancreas releases INSULIN which causes glucose to be stored as GLYCOGEN

Front 35

What happens during the post-absorptive period?

Back 35

Blood glucose gets too low so the pancreas produces GLUCAGON which stimulates the liver to produce glucose (glycogen breaks back down in glucose) by glucogenesis

Front 36

Bioaccumulation

Back 36

The increased concentration of toxins in predators that eat contaminated prey