Bio B Tau - (Vertebrate) Glossary: Chordata And Vertebrata (Less.16)

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Amniotes

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members of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg. The Amniotic egg contains specialized membranes that protect the embryo. Amniotes include mammals, birds and other reptiles.

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Amniotic egg

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A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land. The amniotic egg has 4 specialized membranes: the amnion (protects embryo in a fluid-filled cavity), the chorion (exchange gas between the embryo and air), the yolk sac (contains nutrients, which are transported by blood vessels), and the allantois (disposal sac and respiratory organ).

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Amphibians

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vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded. Includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians.

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Backbone

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Also called the vertebral column or spine. A characteristic of some (BUT NOT ALL) vertebrates, in which replaces the notochord. It is composed of a series vertebrae (the vertebra can be cartilaginous, for example in shark, or made of bone for example in human). It encloses and protects the spinal nerve chord and has the mechanical role of the notochord.

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Body cavity

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A fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive track and the body wall.

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Chondrichthyans

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Members of the clade Chondrichthyes. Vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage (although often impregnated with calcium), such as sharks and rays.

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Chordates

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Bilaterian animals which belong to clade Deuterostomia. They are characterized by a muscular, post-anal tail, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits/clefts, mouth, anus, and muscular segments. These characters can be absent in the adult, in this case they are present at some time in the life cycle.

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Cloaca

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A cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body

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Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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Nerve cord dorsal to notochord. Hollow (it forms by invagination in the embryo). Unique to chordates and develops into central nervous system.

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Dinosaurs

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An extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat.

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Eutherians

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Another name for placental mammals. Mammals whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.

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Gnathosomes

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Jawed vertebrates. Includes sharks and their relatives, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.

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Hagfishes

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One of the most basal vertebrate lineage. Part of myxini. Have a skull made of cartilage. Lack jaws and vertebrae. Have segmented muscles, flex against notochord (which is retained in adulthood). Small brain, eyespots (no eyes). Their mouth has tube-like formations made of keratin. Most are bottom-dwelling scavengers. Produce slime.

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Lampreys

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Petromyzontida-- One of the most basal vertebrate lineage. Marine and freshwater, most are parasitic. Use tongue to drink fish blood. Skeleton made of cartilage. Have cartilage projections similar to vertebrae. Have partially enclosed nerve cord.

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cephalochordata (מתירני ראש)

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. The most basal group of living chordates. Fish-like creatures that live on the ocean bottom. Eat via cilia trappings. Have chevron-like muscle arrangement. Relatively rare in global environment.

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Lateral line system

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sensitive receptor system that anable in aquatic gnasthosomes (for example sharks, fish and frogs) to detect vibrations and movements in the surrounding water.

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Lobe-fins

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Have rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in pectoral and pelvic fins. Includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods.

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Mammals

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Other amniote lineage that is not reptiles. Have mammary glands, which produce milk for their offspring. Have hair, and are warm blooded. Have a high metabolic rate.

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Marsupials

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Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch. For example Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.

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Monotremes

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Mammals that lay eggs. They have hair and produce milk but lack nipples. Found only in Australia and New Guinea, represented by one species of platypus and four species of echidnas (spiny anteaters).

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Notochord

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A longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. It forms the supporting axis of the body in early diverging chordates and in early diverging vertebrates, as well as in embryos of other vertebrates.

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Operculum

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Protective bony flap covering the fish gills.

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Pharyngeal slits

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Slits used for filter feeding in invertebrate chordates. In vertebrates, have been modified for gas exchange and are known as gill slits. A common feature of all chordates when absent in the adult (for example in tetrapodes) they appear at some stage during the development of the embryo.

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Placenta

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A structure in the uterus of pregnant placental mammal that nourishes the fetus with the mother blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

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Post-anal tail

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One of the characteristic of chordate. Is absent in most adult urochordates (also called tunicates).

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Ray-finned fishes

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Bony fishes, including trout, bass, perch, and tuna. Their fins are supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays.

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Reptile

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Clade including lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. Have scales made of keratin. Often cold-blooded, although birds are warm blooded.

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Sessile (adjective)

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(of an animal, for example, a urochordate) fixed in one place; immobile.

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Swim bladder

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An air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy.

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Tetrapods

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Gnasthosomes with limbs. Have 4 limbs with digits (except when secondary lost). Also have a neck, lung, and a pelvic girdle.

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Tunicata (Urochordata) מתירני זנב

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Vertebrata

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Chordates with vertebrae. Vertebrates can retain a notochord (for example the lamprey or the coelacanth) or have a backbone. Vertebrates have a head with a brain protected by a skull.

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Whatmakes a chordate?

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Vertebrate

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•Vertebrates have the following derivedcharacters–Vertebraeenclosing a spinal cord–Anelaborate skull–Finrays (סנפיריםקרניים), inthe aquatic forms

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דבקן (Hagfish)

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Hagfishes (Myxini)are jawless vertebrates that have a cartilaginous skull, reduced vertebrae, anda flexible rod of cartilage derived from the notochord(they are a vertebrate without vertebra)They have a small brain, eyespots,ears, and tooth-like formationsAbout eyes these are not real eyes. Hagfish eyespots, when present, candetect light, but as far as is known, none can resolve detailed images. Hagfishes are marine; most arebottom-dwelling scavengersO

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Lamprey צמדים

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Lampreys(Petromyzontida)are parasites that feed by clamping their mouth onto a live fishTheyinhabit various marine and freshwater habitats Theyhave cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly overthe nerve cordLampreyshave vertebra made of cartilageThe agnathes diversity was much larger in the past

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חסרי לסתות

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דגי סחוס (Chondrichthyans )

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כרישים