Bio B Tau - Glossary: Animal Diversity (Less.14)

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Acoelomate

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A solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall. תולעים שטוחות

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Anterior

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Front. The head of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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Archenteron

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The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

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Bilateral symmetry

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characterizes a body-form with a central longitudinal plane that divides the body into two equal but opposite halves

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Bilaterian

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Member of the clade Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry

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Blastocoel

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The fluid filled cavity that forms the center of a blastula

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Blastopore

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The opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes

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Blastula

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The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development

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Body cavity

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A fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall

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Body plan

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In animals, the set of morphological and developmental traits that define a group of animal (usually a phylum).

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Cambrian explosion

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A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545-525 million years ago

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Cephalization

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An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment on the anterior end of the body

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Choanoflagellates

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closest living relative to animals

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Cleavage

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The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells

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Coelom

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A body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

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Coelomate

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Animal that possesses a true coelom

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Determinate cleavage

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A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

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Deuterostome development

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the blastopore becomes the anus

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Diploblastic

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Having two germ layers

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Dorsal

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Pertaining to the back of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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Ecdysozoan

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Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, including many molting animals. תולעים נמיות ופרוקי רגליים

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Ectoderm

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The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye

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Ediacaran fauna

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Earliest generally accepted animal fossils, dating from about 575 million years ago

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Endoderm

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The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract

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Enterocoelous

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Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in deuterostome development, in which the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and hollows, forming the body cavity

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Eumetazoan

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Member of the clade Eumetazoa, animals with true tissues (all animals except sponges)

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Gastrula

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The three-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage

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Gastrulation

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The formation of a gastrula from a blastula

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Germ layers

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Three main layers of an animal

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Grade

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Group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity (animals that belong to the same grade are not always monophyletic)

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Indeterminate cleavage

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A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

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Larva

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A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat

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Lophopore

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A horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall bearing ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth

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Lophotrochozoan

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Member of a group of animal phyla with protostome development that some systematists hypothesize form a clade, characterized by lophophores or trochophore larvae.רכיכות, תולעים טבעתיות ותולעים שטוחות

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Mesoderm

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The middle primary germ layer of an early embryo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system

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Posterior

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Pertaining to the rear, or tail, of a bilaterally symmetrical animal

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Protostome

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the blastoporebecomes the opening to the mouth

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Pseudocoelomate

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An animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm. have pseudocoelom. תולעים נמיות

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Radial cleavage

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A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells are either parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis, thereby aligning tiers of cells one above the other

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Radial symmetry

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Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms

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Schizocoelous

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Pattern of formation of the body cavity common in protostome development, in which initially solid masses of mesoderm split, forming the body cavity

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Spiral cleavage

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A type of embryonic development in protostomes, in which the planes of cell division that transform the zygote into a ball of cells occur obliquely to the polar axis, resulting in cells of each tier sitting in the grooves between cells of adjacent tiers

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Triploblastic

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Possessing three germ layers

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Trochophore larva

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Distinctive larval stage observed in annelids and molluscs

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Ventral

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Pertaining to the underside, or bottom, of a bilaterally

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Echinodermata (קווצי עור)

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chordata (מיתירניים)

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Mollusca (רכיכות)

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Theonly true protostomes,with a spiral development are the Mollusca, the Annelida and the platyhelminthes.

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annelida (תולעים טבעתיות)

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The only true protostomes, with a spiral development are the Mollusca, the Annelida and the platyhelminthes.

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Platyhelminthes (תולעים שטוחות)

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have Pseudocoelomate