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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General function of the cardiovascular system? |
To transport blood through the body to allow exchange of substances |
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3 types of blood vessels |
Arteries Veins capillaries |
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Major function of the heart |
Pump blood throughout the body |
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4 chambers of the heart |
Left and right Antrium Left and right ventricle |
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Type of blood in left chamber |
Oxygenated |
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Type of blood in right chamber of heart |
Deoxygenated |
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Amount of blood pumped from 1 ventricle per min is called |
Cardiac output |
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Responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the body |
Left ventricle |
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5 Great vessels |
Pulmonary trunk Aorta Superior venacava Inferior venacava Pulmonary veins |
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2 circulations of the cardiovascular system |
Pulmonary circulation Systematic circulation |
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Blood that is high in oxygen from the left side of the heart is pumped into what |
Aorta |
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During the refractory period, can cardiac muscle be restimulated? |
No |
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3 structural components of the pericardium |
The fibrous pericardium Parietal layer of the serous pericardium Visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
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Function of serous fluid |
To lubricate serous membranes to decrease friction with every heart beat |
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Serves to anchor the heart within the thoraxic cavity and prevents the heart chamber s from overfilling with fluid |
Fibrous pericardium |
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Release serous fluid into pericardial cavity |
2 layers of the serous pericardium |
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3 layers that compose the wall of the heart |
Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium |
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Opening of right atrium |
Inferior vena cava Superior venacava Coronary sinus |
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Receiving chamber of the heart is called |
Atrium |
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The pumping chamber of the heart |
Ventricle |
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What side of heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs |
Right side |
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What side of heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body |
Left side |
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Inferior border of the heart is formed by what ventricle |
Right ventricle |
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Thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium |
Pericardial cavity |
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Wrincled flap-like extensions visible in the anterior view of the heart |
Auricles |
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Coronary sulcus |
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Left ventricle |
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Left artrium |
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Superior vena cava |
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Aortic arch |
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Tickets layer layer of the heart wall |
Myocardium |
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Interventricular septum |
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Pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Chordae tendineae |
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Inferior vena cava |
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Fossa ovalis |
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Heart is located behind the ______ and ______of the midline |
Sternum /left |
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Thin Double layered inner portion. Of the pericardium |
Serous |
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In what view of the heart pulmonary veins, superior and inferior vena cavar are visible |
Posterior |
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Anterior interventricular artery |
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Right coronary artery |
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Right pulmonary veins |
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Braches of right pulmonary artery |
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Descending aorta |
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Inferior vena cava |
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Left atrium |
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Right atrium |
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Right ventricle |
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Apex of heart |
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Left ventricle |
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Ascending aorta |
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Superior venacava |
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What surfaces endocardium covers on heart and heart valves |
Internal surface of heart External surface of heart valves |
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Once gas exchange imoccurs in the lungs, the oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins to left or right atrium? |
Left |
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3 major vessels that empty into the right atrium |
Superior venacava Coronary sinus Inferior venacava |
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The interatrial septum forms a thin wall between the right and left___________ |
Atria |
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The internal wall surfaces of each ventricle display large smooth irregular muscle ridges called_________ _________ |
Trabecule carneae |
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How many papillary muscle on each ventricle |
Right ventricle 2 Left ventricle 3 |
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The auricle and anterior wall of the atrial exhibit muscular ridges called |
Pectinate muscle |
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Thick wall between right and left ventricles |
Interventricular septum |
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Thin wall that separates right and left atrial chambers |
Interatrial septum |
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2 categories of heart valves |
Semilunar and atrioventricular |
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What is the right atrioventricular opening covered by |
Right tricuspid atrioventricular valve
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During ventricular relaxation, blood is allowed through the ________ valves into right ventricle |
Right atrioventricular valves |
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How many cusps left and right atrioventricular valves have |
Left atrioventricular valve or mitral valve 2 Right atrioventricular valve 3 |
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How many cusps the semilunar valves have |
3 |
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Posterior interventricular artery |
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Circumflex artery |
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Left coronary artery |
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Right coronary artery |
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Anterior interventricular artery |
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In anterior or posterior view the right Antrium nd ventricle appear prominent |
Anterior |
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In anterior or posterior view the left Antrium and ventricle appear prominent |
Posterior |
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What is happening when lubb S1 sound |
It is the closing of AV (atrioventricular) valves closing |
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What is happening during the sub S2 sound? |
The semilunar valves are closing |
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Refers to contraction of heart chamber |
Systole |
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Refers to relaxation of the heart chamber |
Diastole |
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What volume of blood ejected per heartbeat called |
Stroke volume |
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3 variables that influence stroke volume |
Venus return Inotropic agents Afterload |
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What is volume of blood returned to the heart per unit time called |
Venous return |
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Agents that change stroke volume due to changes in Ca2 + |
Inotropic agents |
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Variables that Influence heart rate |
Depends on chronosteopic agents |
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Agent that change the heart rate |
Chronotopic |
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Capacity to bnb increase cardiac output above rest level. Gives measure of level of exercise an individual can pursue |
Cardiac reserve |
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Cardiac output equation |
Heart rate × stroke volume = cardiac output HR x Sv=CO |
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What positive chronosteopic agents do |
Decrease heart rate |
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Are sympathetic nerves positive or negative chronotropic agents |
Positive |
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What is the function of the atrial reflex |
protects heart from overflowing |
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3 basic tunics that make up the wall of blood vessels |
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa |
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Which blood vessel have thicker tunica media, narrower lumen and more elastic and collagen fibers? |
Arteries |
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Which blood vessel have thicker tunica externa, larger lumen and have less elastic and collagen fibers |
Veins |
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Space within a vessel through which blood flows |
Lumen |
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Elastic fibers |
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Tunica media |
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Endothelium |
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Tunica intima |
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3 types of capillaries |
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoid |
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Small vessels connecting arterioles to venules |
Capillaries |
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Type of capillary that has basement membrane incomplete or missing |
Sinussoids |
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Type of Capillaries found in intestines and kidneys |
Febestrated |
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Type of capillary found in skin, muscle,lungs |
Continuos |
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Type of capillari thay is found in bone narrow, spleen,endocrine gland |
Sinusoids |
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Which blood vessels be CV one larger and merge as they move forward the heart |
Veins |
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Smallest type of artery that have less than 6 layers of smooth muscle in Their tunica media |
Arterioles |
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Arteries that conduct blood away from the heart to the smaller muscular arteries |
Elastic arteries |
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What type of arteries are called distributing arteries because they distribute blood to body organs and tissues |
Muscular arteries |
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What separates the tunica media from the tunica externa in the walls of muscular arteries |
External elastic lamina |
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Which blood vessel become smaller and branch as they extend away from the heart? |
Arteries |
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With what type of arteries small veins are companion of? |
Muscular arteries |
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What type of artery have a significant role in regulating systematic blood pressure and blood flow from 2 differnet areas of the body |
Arterioles |
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Arteries that provide only one pathway through which blood can reach an organ |
End arteries |
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Two or more veins draining the same body region |
Venous anastomosis |
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Which type of capillaries use simple diffusion or pinocytosis to pass materials through the vessel walls? |
Continuous capillaries |
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What structures control blood flow into the true capillaries of a capillary bed? |
Pre capillary sphincters |
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Formation of new vessels |
Angiogenesis |
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Force of blood against vessel wall |
Blood pressure |
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_______ pressure occurs when ventricle contracts |
Systolic |
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________ occurs when ventricles relax |
Diastolic |
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Pressure in arteries added by heart contractions |
Pulse pressure |
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________ is the average arterial blood pressure across entire cardiac cycle |
Mean Aterial pressure (MAP) |
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Diastolic pressure _ systolic preassure= |
Pulse pressure |
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Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure = |
MAP ( Mean Arterial Pressure) |
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The friction blood encounters is called ______ |
Resistance |
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2 factors that help assist venous return to the heart |
Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump |
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Pump that assist venous return from limbs |
Skeletal muscle |
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Pump that assist venous return in the thorax |
Respiratory pump |
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Flow is proportional to ________gradient divided by ________ |
System blood pressure divided by resistance |
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120/80. Which one is systolic pressure? |
120 |
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120/80 which one is diastolic pressure |
80 |
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How is that capillaries are the smallest vessels but have the largest total crossectional area? |
Largest because there are so many capillaries And slowest to allow for exchange between blood and tissue flowing |
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Fluids flow down pressure gradient |
Bulk flow |
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Fluid moves out of blood |
Filtration |
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HPb |
Blood hydrostatic pressure |
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HPif |
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure |
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What is the pull on water due to the presence of protein solutes called? |
Colloid osmotic pressure |
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What is force exerted by fluid called? |
Hydrostatic pressure |
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(Blood HP_if HP)_(blood COP_if COP)= |
NFP (net filtration pressure) |
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At venous end NFP favors filtration or reabsortion |
Reabsorption |
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At the arterial end NFP favors filtration or reabsorption |
Filtration |
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What regulates BP short term |
Autonomic reflexes |
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Best for quick changes in BP, but are ineffective for long-term BP regulation |
Baroreceptor reflexes |
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3 primary variables affecting blood pressure |
Cardiac output Resistance Blood volume |
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Atrial nateiuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates vasoldilation and increase urine output. Does it decrease or increase blood pressure? |
Decrease |
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Angiotensin II,Aldostere, ADH increase or decrease blood pressure? |
Increase |
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3 factors affecting peripheral resistance |
Viscosity Vessel length Vessel radius |
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Vasoconstriction,longer vessel and viscosity increase results in increased or decreased resistance and BP? |
Increased resistance and BP |
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Vasodilation, shorter vessels and decreased viscosity increase or decrease resistance and BP? |
Decrease |
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Fluid intake increase or decrease BP? |
Increase |
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Fluid output increase or decrease BP? |
Decrease |
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What organs receive a decrease proportion of the cardiac output during exercise? |
Kidney Abdominal organs |
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3 veins that drain into the hepatic portal vein |
Splenic vein Inferior menestric vein Superior menesteic vein |
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To send blood from digestive organs to liver. Digested nutrients processed and harmful agents absorbed by liver is the function of what system? |
Hepatic portal system |
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What transports blood from an artery directly to into a vein, bypassing the capillary bed |
Arteriovenous anastomosis |
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Delivers blood to another organ first before blood is sent back to the heart |
Portal vein |
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Right atrioventricular valve |
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Inferior vena cava |
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Posterior interventricular artery |
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Septomarginal trabecula |
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Chordae tendineae |
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Right AV valve |
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Pulmonary valve |
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Aortic valve |
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Parietal layer of serous pericardium |
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Left marginal vein |
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Great cardiac vein |
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Small cardiac vein |
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Left atrioventricular valve |
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Left pulmonary veins |
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Pulmonary arteries |
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Aortic arch |
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Fibrous pericardium |
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Visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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Pulmonary trunk |
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Aorta |
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Superior vena cava |
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Right posterior ventricular artery |
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Middle cardiac vein |
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Great cardiac vein |
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Circumflex artery |
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Right coronary artery |
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Left atrial arterie |
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Interatrial septum |
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Opening for inferior vena cav |
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Internal iliac artery |
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Arteriole |
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Tunica externa of venule |
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Great saphenous vein |
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Left subclavian artery |
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Inferior mesenteric artery |
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Brachiocephalic trunk |
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Left renal artery |
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Thoracic aorta |
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External jugular vein |
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Right common carotid a. |
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Right brachiocephalic vein |
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Right external caratoid a |
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Common iliac veins |
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What ECG measures |
Heart rate The heart rythm |
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Ventricular systole or contraction is represented by the time on the EKG just after the_______ |
QRS wave |
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In an ECG, what does the T wave represent? |
Repolarization of the ventricles |
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Which Carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava |
Hepatic veins |
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System in which blood flows through 2 capillaries beds before being sent back to the heart |
Portal system |
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Pulmonary arteries are wider than systematic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit BP is ______ and blood flow very_______ through pulmonary capillaries l, maximising gas exchange. |
Low and blood flow very slow |
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What would decrease cardiac output |
Increase in afterload |
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Causes vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation and increase thirst |
Angiotensin II |
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Vessels that supply the lower limbs |
External iliac arteries |
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Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymph po hatic system is needed to ______excess fluid from the _____ |
Reabsorb excess fluid from the Interstitial fluid |
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Sympathetic innervation of the heart ____ heart rate and _____ force of contraction |
Increase force and Increase force of contraction |
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The baroreceptors in the caratoid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to ____ |
Changes in arterial pressure |
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Peripheral resistance is related to vessel ____ and inversely relate to vessel ____ |
Related to vessel Lenght and Inversely related to vessel radius |
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Why the metabolic pathway of cardiac muscle make it somewhat susceptible to heart attack? |
Because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism |
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What layer of the heart has muscle contractions that force blood out of the heart |
Myocardium |
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Sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle |
SA node Through the atria AV node AV bundle Bundle branches Purkinje fibers Through the ventricles |
