Bio 130

Front 1

3 different regions of skin

Back 1

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Front 2

hypodermis is the _____layer of skin? is used to store what?

Back 2

deepest (underneath skin) for fat storage

Front 3

what type of tissue is the epidermis

Back 3

stratified squamus keratinized epithelium

Front 4

the cells of the epidermis?

Back 4

keratinocytes/melanocytes/langerhan cells

Front 5

keratinocytes are connected by what? produce what? they arise from where? Gives skin its ______property?

Back 5

desosomes, keratin, stratum basale, protective

Front 6

langerhans cells come from _____to the epidermis. they are what type of cells? what is their purpose?

Back 6

bone marrow, phagocytes, ingest foreign substances and extend among surrounding keratinocytes.

Front 7

melanocytes produce _____? stored where? taken up by nearby_____?

Back 7

melanin, in membrane granules, keratinocytes,

Front 8

layers of epidermis (5) deepest to shallowest

Back 8

stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Front 9

stratum basale is the _____layer, sits atop___, contains _____&_____, cells divide_____. How many layers of cells?

Back 9

deepest, basement membrane, melanocytes and keratinocytes, rapidly, one layer

Front 10

stratum spinosum is spiny because?

Back 10

of desosomes

Front 11

stratum spinosum has how many layers of cells?, contains what types of cells? keratin filaments attach to firm_______

Back 11

multiple layers, keratinocytes and langerhans, desosomes.

Front 12

stratum granulosum ____cells thick, cells begin ______ process, ______ secreted

Back 12

3-5, keratinization, waterproofing glycolipid

Front 13

stratum lucidum is only on _____, __layer

Back 13

palms and feet, clear

Front 14

stratum corneum is the ___layer. How thick? all cells are _____

Back 14

horny, 20-30, dead

Front 15

connective tissue components of dermis

Back 15

cells, fibers, ground substance

Front 16

the dermis contains?

Back 16

CT, hair follicles, sweat gland

Front 17

hair follicles and sweat glands originally come from?

Back 17

the epidermis and dig into the dermis

Front 18

the papillary layer of the dermis is the ____layer. Contains_____-CT, ridges which are our ______, nourishes the _______

Back 18

superficial, loose areolar, fingerprints, epithelium

Front 19

recticular layer of dermis is the ____ portion of dermis, contians ___(3)____ types of CT, gives the dermis its ____and ____

Back 19

main, dense/irregular/fiborus, strength and resiliency

Front 20

hair is layers of __________and ___ cells pressed together

Back 20

keratinized, dead,

Front 21

hair begins growth where and ends up where?

Back 21

begins in epidermis and is pushed down into dermis

Front 22

texture of hair is determined by?

Back 22

shape of shaft in cross section

Front 23

the single cell layer at the base of hair is _____dividing

Back 23

actively

Front 24

what adds pigment to hair color

Back 24

melanocytes

Front 25

a folicle contains an outer_______ and a inner________

Back 25

CT root sheath, epithelial root sheath

Front 26

hard keratin in hair and nails has 2 advantages over soft keratin

Back 26

1)tougher and more durable 2)individual cells do not break off

Front 27

vellus hair

Back 27

is soft/fine, on arms

Front 28

terminal hair is what? where?

Back 28

is coarse on eyebrows/scalp. axilla and pubic regions facial hair on men

Front 29

growth cycle of hair folicle

Back 29

active.....inactive.....shed

Front 30

nails are heavily ______-epithelial cells

Back 30

keratinized

Front 31

thickened promixal end of nail that gives rise to the nail is called

Back 31

nail matirx

Front 32

what is lunula

Back 32

the visible white skin coming up from nail matrix

Front 33

what is the most numerous sweat gland?

Back 33

merocrine

Front 34

merocrine is made of what? and secreting it has what purpose

Back 34

water, salts, thermoregulation

Front 35

apocrine sweat glands are located where?

Back 35

axilla, anogenital region

Front 36

apocrine ducts empty into _______? contains what? what eats the organic materials in this sweat?

Back 36

hair folicle, proteins&lipids, bacteria

Front 37

what are the glands that secrete from the ear?

Back 37

ceruminous gland

Front 38

5 different types of glands

Back 38

merocrine, apocrine, ceruminous, mammary, sebaceous

Front 39

what is sebum

Back 39

oily secretion

Front 40

oil glands have what type of secretion?

Back 40

holocrine

Front 41

sebum is secreted into the ______

Back 41

hair folicle

Front 42

purpose of sebaceous gland (3)

Back 42

water proofs, lubricates, and is anti-bacterial

Front 43

sebaceous gland stimulated by

Back 43

testosterone

Front 44

5 main skin functions

Back 44

protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and blood reservoir

Front 45

what minimizes water loss or entry through skin?

Back 45

oil and glycolipid secretion

Front 46

what does our skin secrete that wards off bacteria? what is it about the sebum that the bacteria does not like?

Back 46

bacteriocidal, the low PH

Front 47

what are the skins 2 biological barriers?

Back 47

macrophages of dermis and langerhans cells of epidermis

Front 48

body temperature is regulated by a portion of the nervous system called?

Back 48

autonomic

Front 49

heat conservation is called?

Back 49

vasoconstriction

Front 50

evaporation and radiation of heat is done through?

Back 50

vasodilation and sweating

Front 51

through what can heat cold, pain etc. be monitored?

Back 51

cutaneous sensation

Front 52

how is calcium absorbed through the skin?

Back 52

through Vitamin D synthesis

Front 53

how does vitamin D synthesis work?

Back 53

when sunlight bombards the skin molecules are converted into vitamin D and transported through the blood to help in metabolizing Calcium

Front 54

how is skin a blood reservoir?

Back 54

- highly vascular, can be urgently sent to other parts of the body

Front 55

what does a burn do to a protein

Back 55

denaturation

Front 56

what is the immediate danger of a burn?longer term?

Back 56

fluid loss, infection

Front 57

why is there a great demand for calories when you get a burn?

Back 57

tissue repair

Front 58

first degree burn?

Back 58

epidermal damage, heal in a few days, sunburn

Front 59

second degree burn?

Back 59

epidermis and upper dermis damage, blisters, takes weeks to heal

Front 60

third degree burn?

Back 60

full skin thickness, skin grafting required, no pain

Front 61

basal cell carcinoma how common? growth? cure?

Back 61

most common, slow growth, 99% cure

Front 62

basal cell carcinoma is cancer of which cells?

Back 62

keratinocytes

Front 63

squamus cell carcinoma is cancer of which skin cells? growth? cure?

Back 63

keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, rapid growth, good cure if caught early

Front 64

malignant melanoma common? growth? cure?

Back 64

5% of cancer, fast growth, generally fatal

Front 65

ABCD rule is for what? what is it?

Back 65

malignant melanoma
A-asemetry:2 sides of mole dont match
B-border: not smooth
C-color:multicolored
D-diameter:larger than 6mm

Front 66

in aging skin less ____fibers, ______ _____reduced, loss of ______tissue, longer to _____

Back 66

elastic, keratinocyte proliferation, subcutaneous, heal

Front 67

in aging skin there is an increse in ____? causes an incresed risk of?

Back 67

melanocytes, melanoma

Front 68

5 functions of bone?

Back 68

support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Front 69

what is yellow marrow

Back 69

fat storage in bone cavities

Front 70

produced in cavities of a axial skeleton bones

Back 70

red marrow

Front 71

what are antagonistic pairs?

Back 71

when skeletal muscles attach to bones and use them as levers

Front 72

the matrix in bone stores which minerals?

Back 72

calcium and phosphorus

Front 73

outer solid layer of bone

Back 73

compact

Front 74

the weight reduction portion of bone?contains little needles called?

Back 74

spongy, trabeculae,

Front 75

bones that are longer than they are wide.......example?

Back 75

long bones, phalanges

Front 76

cube shaped bones....example?

Back 76

short bones, wrist/ankle bones

Front 77

what are sesamoid bones?

Back 77

a special kind of short bone that form in tendons

Front 78

flat bones?

Back 78

thin and curved

Front 79

the thick collar of compact bone that covers the medullary cavity? strores what?

Back 79

diaphysis, fat

Front 80

ephysis contains what layers?

Back 80

outer shell of compact bone and interior of spongy bone.

Front 81

the periosteums 2 layers are made of what and contain what?

Back 81

1)outer layer- dense irregular connective tissue, attachment for tendons and ligaments
2)mostly cells, contains osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Front 82

osteoclasts? osteoblasts?

Back 82

break down bone, build up bone

Front 83

interior CT lining within bone tissue? contains which 2 types of cells

Back 83

endosteum, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 84

articular cartilage?

Back 84

(hyaline)covers the joint surface of each epiphysis cushions bone ends and absorbs stress

Front 85

short, flat and irregular bones are the same as long/short bones except?

Back 85

they have no shaft or epiphysis and the interior spongy bone is called diploe.

Front 86

what is hematopoietic tissue? found where?infants? adults?

Back 86

red marrow, found in trabecular cavities, all bones of infants, only in axial skeleton of adults

Front 87

compact bone has cilinders of bone called what? function?layers are called what

Back 87

osteons, weight bearing, lamellae

Front 88

what types of cells are in the lacunae of the osteons in between lamella of compact bone?

Back 88

osteocytes

Front 89

the cannal in compact bone that contain the blood vessels

Back 89

central canal

Front 90

the perforating canal comes from where? to do what?

Back 90

comes from the periosteum to connect blood supply to central cannals

Front 91

trabeculae are part of which type of bone? arranged along lines of ____? contain no_____?irregular _____? osteocytes in _____ with_____?

Back 91

spongy bone, stress, osetons, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

Front 92

the organic part of bone matrix is called? most important acpect is____, which gives it tensile strength which means?

Back 92

osteoid, collagen, ability to stretch and twist

Front 93

the inorgainic part of bone matrix is called? mostly composed of ____? gives it its hardness, meaning?

Back 93

mineral, calcium phosphate salts, ability to resist compression

Front 94

as an infant, before bones are hard they consist of?

Back 94

hyaline cartilage or fibrous membranes

Front 95

when fibrous membrane converts to bone its product is called? process is called?example?

Back 95

membrane bone, intramembranous ossification, skull bones

Front 96

hyaline conversion to bone product is called? process is called?

Back 96

endochondral bone, endochondral ossification

Front 97

appositional growth- what is added to outer surface? what cells help widen the bone, where do they come from? which cell destroy the inner surface, where do they come from?

Back 97

osteons, osteoblasts from periosteum, osteoclasts from endosteum

Front 98

in childhood trhe single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity? released by what?

Back 98

growth hormone, anterior pituitary gland

Front 99

which hormones regulate growth hormone actions?

Back 99

thyroid

Front 100

sex hormones do what 3 things?

Back 100

1)initial adolescence growth spurt
2)masculization and feminization of bones
3)finally induce epiphyseal plate closure

Front 101

in bone remodeling osteoblasts do what?osteoclasts has an enzyme and a chemical that do what?

Back 101

deposit bone matrix, lysosomal enzymes break down organic matrix, acids solubilize mineral salts

Front 102

calcium is essential for (2) things

Back 102

1-nerve and muscle activity 2-blood clotting

Front 103

if blood calcium declines there is an incresed secretion of_______?

Back 103

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Front 104

how does a hollowing of a bone shaft occur?

Back 104

when weight is put on a bone it wants to bend, this bending compresses the bone on one side and stretches it on the other. they cancel each other out, so a hollow shaft forms

Front 105

there is a thickening of compact bone where? why?

Back 105

central shaft, because it is the point most likely to snap

Front 106

when there is incresed muscle tension on a specific part of a bone what happens?

Back 106

bones respond to muscle pull, so it thickens

Front 107

bone has excellent what? why?

Back 107

repair capacities, highly vascular

Front 108

what is a hematoma?

Back 108

mass of clotted blood from ruptured blood vessels

Front 109

in a fibrocartilage callus invading cells coome? what do they do? (3)

Back 109

phagocytes- clean up debris
fibroblasts-produces collagen fibers to connect broken bone ends
chondrocytes-secrete cartilage matrix

Front 110

what is woven bone?

Back 110

a.k.a bony callus, when osteoblasts and osteoclasts convert the fibrocartilage

Front 111

4 steps to bone repair

Back 111

1-hematoma
2-fibrocartilage callus
3-bony callus
4-remodeling

Front 112

osteoporosis is what?

Back 112

when bone resorption outpaces bone deposition

Front 113

in osteoporosis bones become______? composition of ______is _____?

Back 113

less dense, matrix, normal

Front 114

most common fractures in osteoporosis?

Back 114

vertebrae and neck of femur

Front 115

for osteoporosis reduction in ____ after _____ increases bone_____

Back 115

estrogen, menopause, resoprtion

Front 116

what can you do to help osteoporosis?

Back 116

excercize, vitamin D/calcium, estrogen supplementation

Front 117

when bones weaken because they are inadequately mineralized?

Back 117

osteomalacia

Front 118

osteomalacia in children is called? caused by?

Back 118

rickets, calcium or vitamin D deficiency

Front 119

what is an immoveable joint called? the new system? old?

Back 119

new: suture(short fibers) and synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage), old: synarthrosis

Front 120

what is a freely movable joint? new? old system?

Back 120

new: synovial (joint lined with lubricating synovial membrane)
old:diarthrotic

Front 121

what is a slightly moveable joint? new? old system?

Back 121

new:syndesmosis(longer fibers, tibia) and symphysis (firbrocartilage) old:amphiarthrosis

Front 122

synovial joints contain what 3 things?

Back 122

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule

Front 123

the articular capsule has 2 parts? what are they made of and what do they do?

Back 123

outer layer-(fibrous capsule) dense irregular CT

inner layer- (synovial membrane) different from connective tissue, resembles epithelium

Front 124

the synovial fluid comes from ______by_______? Nourishes ______ in lacunae?

Back 124

blood, filtration, chondrocytes

Front 125

weeping secretion means what?

Back 125

when synovial fluid is squeezed out of joint cavity when joint is used and then reabsorbed

Front 126

2 different types of reinforcing ligaments? function?

Back 126

ones that run outside joint capsule to thicken it or the ones that run inside the capsule

Front 127

menisci are? function?

Back 127

pads of fibrocartilage for joints between bones, improves fit between bone surfaces

Front 128

what are bursae and tendon sheaths? function? where do you find them?

Back 128

fibrous bags with synovial fluid, to separate rubbing surfaces, located: tendon, ligament, muscle, skin

Front 129

a failure of synovial joint stability is called?

Back 129

dislocation

Front 130

factors that stablize interaction between bones preventing dislocation (2)? how important are they in stabilization? where is this most important?

Back 130

1) articular surfaces: shapes of bones determine range of motion (not very stabilizing)
2)muscle activity: tendons of muscles have greatest importance.
important:shoulder, knee

Front 131

"muscle tone"

Back 131

constant low level muscle contraction

Front 132

what stretches or tears without adaquate muscle activity?

Back 132

ligaments

Front 133

diarthrotic joints are classified according to ____________? determined by shape of _________?

Back 133

range of motion permitted, articulating bone surfaces

Front 134

a nonaxial joint makes what motions?

Back 134

slipping/ gliding

Front 135

a uniaxial joint has movement where?

Back 135

in one plane

Front 136

biaxial joint has movement where?

Back 136

in two planes

Front 137

multiaxial joint has movement where?

Back 137

in all three planes of space

Front 138

bone motion is produced by _____?

Back 138

muscle pull

Front 139

definition of the muscles origin?

Back 139

muscle attached to immovable bone

Front 140

definition of muscles insertion?

Back 140

muscle attached to bone in motion

Front 141

examples of nonaxial/gliding joints?

Back 141

intercapal, tarsal, vertebral joints

Front 142

examples of uniaxial hinge joints? 2 different motions?

Back 142

1) humerus/ulna
*flexion and extension

Front 143

examples of uniaxial pivot joints? 2 different motions?

Back 143

1)radius/ulna
*pronation and supination

Front 144

examples of condyloid biaxail joints? movements?

Back 144

1)wrist-radius/carpals: motions-(flexion&extension/side to side)
2)hand-metacarpal/phalanges: motions-(flexion&extension/abduction&adduction)

Front 145

examples of saddle biaxial joints? movements?

Back 145

1)thumb: first metacarpal and carpal
* motions:opposition(pinky to thumb)& reposition

Front 146

2 examples of multiaxial (ball and socket joints) and motions?

Back 146

1)shoulder: humerous/scapula
2)hip:femur/os coxa
motions: flexion&extension, abduction&adduction, rotation&circumduction

Front 147

2 special diarthrotic joints? movements?

Back 147

1)jaw: temporomandibular joint
motions: protraction&retraction, elevation&depression(raising and lowering jaw)
2) foot: ankle: tibia, fibula
motions:dorsiflexion&plantar flexion
tarsal joints
*movements- inversion&eversion(truning sole medially and laterally)

Front 148

examples of uniaxial hinge joints? 2 different motions?

Back 148

1) humerus/ulna
*flexion and extension

Front 149

examples of uniaxial pivot joints? 2 different motions?

Back 149

1)radius/ulna
*pronation and supination

Front 150

examples of condyloid biaxail joints? movements?

Back 150

1)wrist-radius/carpals: motions-(flexion&extension/side to side)
2)hand-metacarpal/phalanges: motions-(flexion&extension/abduction&adduction)

Front 151

examples of saddle biaxial joints? movements?

Back 151

1)thumb: first metacarpal and carpal
* motions:opposition(pinky to thumb)& reposition

Front 152

2 examples of multiaxial (ball and socket joints) and motions?

Back 152

1)shoulder: humerous/scapula
2)hip:femur/os coxa
motions: flexion&extension, abduction&adduction, rotation&circumduction

Front 153

2 special diarthrotic joints? movements?

Back 153

1)jaw: temporomandibular joint
motions: protraction&retraction, elevation&depression(raising and lowering jaw)
2) foot: ankle: tibia, fibula
motions:dorsiflexion&plantar flexion
tarsal joints
*movements- inversion&eversion(truning sole medially and laterally)

Front 154

because the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body its______and ____ are sacrificed

Back 154

strength and stability

Front 155

shoulder joint has a shallow articular socket called? with a fibrocartlage rim called?

Back 155

glenoid cavity, glenoid labrum

Front 156

the 2 ligaments in shoulder joint are called what and located where?

Back 156

coracohumeral ligament:anterior and superior
glenohumeral ligament: anterior

Front 157

what is the best stablizing factor of shoulder joint?

Back 157

muscle tendons

Front 158

what is the tendon and group of muscles that give stability to shoulder joiint? function?

Back 158

tendon of biceps brachii: pulls humerous against scapula
rotator cuff

Front 159

rotator cuff is a group of muscles that arise from? tendons insert where? pull humerus _____ and _____ against scapula? vigorous circumduction results in?

Back 159

scapula, superior portion of humerus, superior and medially, injury

Front 160

injury of the shoulder is usually (2) different things? why?

Back 160

dislocation: because joint renfprcement is superior and injury os inferior
shoulder seperation: only one bony attachment of shoulder to axial skeleton with the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligament is these are damaged, shoulder sags

Front 161

the shoulder is best stabilized by its? the hip? the knee?

Back 161

muscles, ligaments, muscles and ligaments

Front 162

the hip joint is better at stabilization than the shoulder because? (2) things

Back 162

*deep socket and acetabular labrum(rim of fibrocartilage)
*strong ligaments: iliofemoral! supports body weight when standing

Front 163

the knee is functionally a _____joint, but has some ______ or _____ movement?

Back 163

hinge, rotation (biaxial)

Front 164

the bands of fibrocartilage that lie between the femoral condyles and tibia? functions (3)?

Back 164

medial and lateral miniscii, stabilization and shock absorption, deepen articular surface, prevent excess rotation

Front 165

ligaments on outside of joint capsule of knee that prevent side to die mottion? they are attached to what?

Back 165

fibular collateral ligament and tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus

Front 166

ligaments that are in the joint capsule of the knee? how are thwy attached? strength? prevents? named according to ?

Back 166

Posterior cruciate ligament- originates anterior region of tibia, strong,prevents femur from going off tibia downhill
*anterior cruciate ligament- origionates posterior tibia, weaker, prevents backwards sliding

Front 167

muscular factors that strengthen knee?

Back 167

*tendons:reenforce joint capsule
*major muscles of thigh

Front 168

the most serious injures of the knee are from______, when the _______ and the _______ligament tears

Back 168

lateral blows, medial meniscus, collateral

Front 169

A _______and _____ joint and acts mostly as a ____joint. what ligaments do you sprain in inversion?

Back 169

ball and socket, hinge, calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament

Front 170

a sprain is?

Back 170

stretching or tearing of supporting joint ligament

Front 171

a cartilage injury has difficulty what?

Back 171

healing because of poor vasculazation

Front 172

bursitis and tendonitis is?

Back 172

inflammation and leaky capillaries, swelling, pain

Front 173

what is arthritis?

Back 173

damage to joints because of roughened articular surfaces, bone thickening, reduced mobility

Front 174

rheumatoid arthritis? triggered by? tickening of ____membrane, damage of ____-surface

Back 174

chronic inflamatory disease, triggered by infection, autoimmune disorder, swelling, synovial, articular

Front 175

in gouty arthritis what happens?

Back 175

uric acid crystallizes in joints