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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are seed plants crucial for?
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- Human survival (food, timber, medicines)
- We can use our knowledge of plant growth and reproduction to increase these things |
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In angiosperm life cycle, what are the 3 f's?
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Flowers
Double Fertilization Fruits |
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How does the seed develop?
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- After double fertilization each ovule develops into a seed
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What is the function of the ovary?
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- Develops into a fruit enclosing the seed
- Helps in dispersal and protection |
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What are simple fruits?
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- Single carpel
- Can have more than one ovule, but 1 carpel ex: pea |
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What are multiple fruits?
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- Fruit develops from many carpels of many flowers
ex: pineapple |
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What are aggregate fruits?
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- A single flower with multiple separate carpels
- Each carpel becomes a separate fruit around each seed ex: raspberry |
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What assists in fruit dispersal?
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- Water
- Wind - Animals |
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Where is the hypocotyl?
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- Below the attachment to the cotyledons (seed leaves)
- Terminates in the radicle (embryonic root) |
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Where is the epicotyl?
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Above the cotyledon
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What are the cotyledons called in monocots (grasses)?
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Scutellum
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What are the 2 sheaths that enclose the embryo?
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- Coleoptile - covers the young shoot
- Coleorhiza - covers the young root |
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What increases the chance that germination will occur?
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- Seed dormancy, low metabolic rate (no growth), increases the chance that germination will occur at an advantageous time
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What breaks the seed dormancy?
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- Environmental cues, T or light
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What does germination depend on?
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Imbibition - the uptake of water
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What are the 2 first things to emerge in seedling development?
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- The radicle (embryonic root) emerges first
- Next, the shoot tip breaks the soil surface |
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Describe seedling development in eudicots
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- A hook forms in hypocotyl, and growth pushes hook above ground
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Describe seedling development in monocots
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The coleoptile pushes up through the soil
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Do angiosperms reproduce sexually or asexually?
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Both
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What is the result of sexual reproduction in angiosperms?
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Results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents
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What is the result of asexual reproduction in angiosperms?
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Results in a clone of genetically identical organisms
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What is fragmentation?
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- Separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
- Some species: a parent's root system gives rise to adventitious shoots - becomes separate shoot system - A mechanism of asexual reproduction |
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What is apomixis?
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- Is the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell
- No production of egg or sperm - A mechanism of asexual reproduction |
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What is a callus?
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- Is a mass of undifferentiated cells that forms where the stem is cut and produces adventitious roots
- Asexual reproduction from fragments culled cuttings |
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What is the grafting process?
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- A twig or bud can be grafted onto a plant of closely related species or variety
- The stock provides the root system - The scich is grafted on the stock |
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What is in vitro?
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- Methods to create and clone novel plant varieties
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What are transgenic plants?
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- Plants that are genetically modified to express a gene from another organism
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What is protoplast fusion used for?
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- Used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts - plant cells with cell walls removed
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How are bio fuels made?
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- By the fermentation and distillation of plant materials such as cellulose
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What is developmental plasticity?
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- The ability to alter morphology in response to env
- More marked in plants than animals (only some plants can do this) |
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What is determinant growth?
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- Animals
- Stay with shape once they reach adult size |
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What is indeterminate growth?
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- Plants
- No fixed shape or size - Plant shape is determined by interaction on the short-term and evolutionary time scale |
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What is the difference between plant morphology and plant anatomy?
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Morphology - external structure
ex: arrangement of petals on flowers Anatomy - internal structure ex: arrangement of cells within a root or leaf |
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What is the difference between a fruit and vegetable?
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Fruit: mature ovary, encloses seed
Vegetable: non scientific term - plant material that you eat |
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Give some examples of fruit/seeds
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Wheat, maize, rice
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Give some examples of modified roots/shoots
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Potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava
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What are the 2 systems of roots, stems and leaves?
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Root system
Shoot system |
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What are roots?
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- Multicellular organs
- Anchor the plant - Absorb minerals and water - Store organic nutrients |
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What is the root system in dicots?
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- Taproot system
- consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to the lateral roots |
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What is the root system in monocots?
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- Fibrous root system
- Thin lateral roots with no main root |
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What are adventitious roots?
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Roots arising from stems or leaves
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Where does absorption of water and minerals occur?
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Near the root hairs - extension of root epidermal cells - increases surface area
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Give some examples of modified roots
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Storage roots, "strangling" aerial roots, prop roots
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What is a stem?
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- An organ consisting of:
- An alternating system of nodes - points where leaves are attached - Internodes - the stem segments between nodes |
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What is an axillary bud?
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- Has the potential to become lateral shoot
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What is an apical bud?
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- Located at the shoot tip - causes elongation of a shoot
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What is apical dominance?
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- Limits lateral growth
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Give some examples of modified stems
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Tubers, stolons, rhizomes
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What are leaves?
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The leaf is the main PS organ
- Consists of a flattened blade and stalk called the petiole - joins the leaf to a node on the stem - Monocots lack petioles |
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What is phyllotaxy?
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The arrangement of leaves on a stem - is specific to each species
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What is the phyllotaxy in angiosperms?
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- Most have alternate (as opposed to opposite) phyllotaxy with leaves arranged in a spiral
- 137.5 degrees between leaves - likely minimizes shading of lower leaves |
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What is the difference between leaf venation in monocots and dicots?
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Monocots have parallel veins
Dicots have branched veins |
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What are the types of leaves?
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Simple leaf
Compound leaf Doubly compound leaf |
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Give some examples of modified leaves
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Storage leaves, reproductive leaves, spines, bracts
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What are the types of tissues in plants?
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- Each plant organ has dermal, vascular and ground tissues
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What are dermal tissues?
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In nonwoody plants: the dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis - layer of tightly packed cells
- cuticle - prevents water loss from epidermis In woody plants: periderm replaces the epidermis in older regions |
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What are vascular tissues?
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- This system carries out long-distance transport between roots and shoots
- xylem conducts water and minerals upward from roots into the shoots - phloem transports organic nutrients from leaves/shoots to where they are needed (usually roots) |
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What are ground tissues?
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- Ground tissue internal to vascular tissue is pith, ground tissue external to vascular tissue is cortex
- Includes cells specialized for storage, PS and support |
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What are meristems?
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- Perpetually embryonic tissue - allow for indeterminate growth
- Hasn't differentiated into diff types of tissue yet |
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Where are apical meristems?
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- At the tips of roots and shoots, and axillary buds of shoots
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What is the basic structure of plant cells?
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- Chloroplast
- Central vacuole - used for water balance - Plasmodesmata - small pore, plasma mb lines this - Cell wall, primary |
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What are the common types of plant cells?
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- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma - Water-conducting cells of the xylem - Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem |
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What are parenchyma cells?
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At maturity:
- have thin and flexible primary cell walls - lack secondary cell walls - are the least specialized - perform metabolic functions - retain the ability to divide and differentiate - large central vacuoles - undergo PS |
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What are collenchyma cells?
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- Grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
- Have thicker cell walls - Lack secondary cell walls - Provide support without restraining growth |
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What are sclerenchyma cells?
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- Rigid cells - thick secondary cell walls strengthened with lignin
- Dead at functional maturity - 2 types: sclereids and fibers |
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What are sclereids?
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- Short and irregular in shape, very thick secondary cell wall
- Specialized Sclerenchyma cells |
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What are fibers?
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- Long and slender, arranged in threads
- Specialized Sclerenchyma cells |
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What are the 2 types of water-conducting cells of the xylem?
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Tracheids and vessel elements
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What are vessel elements?
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- Dead at functional maturity
(specialized water-conducting cells of the xylem) - Are common to most angiosperms and a few gymnosperms - Align end-to-end to form vessels |
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Where are tracheids?
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- Dead at functional maturity
- Found in xylem of all vascular plants (specialized water-conducting cells of the xylem) |
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What are the sugar-conducting cells of the phloem?
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Sieve-tube elements
Sieve-plates |
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What are sieve-tube elements?
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- Alive at functional maturity by lack of organelles
- Each element has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both sieve-tube elements and sieve-plates |
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What are sieve-plates?
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Are the porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve-tube
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What are stomata?
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- Allow for CO2 exchange
(interrupt the epidermis of leaves) Leaves |
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What and where are guard cells?
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- 2 guard cells flank each stomatal pore
- Regulate opening and closing Leaves |
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What and where is the mesophyll?
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- The ground tissue in a leaf
- Between the upper and lower epidermis Leaves |
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What and where is the spongy mesophyll?
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- Below the palisade mesophyll
- Where gas exchange occurs - Loosely arranged Leaves |
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What function do veins have?
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- Are the leaf's vascular bundles
- Leaf's skeleton - Each vein is enclosed by a protective bundle sheath |
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What is PS?
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The process that converts solar E into chemical E
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Are plants photoautotrophs?
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Yes, use E from sunlight to make organic compounds from H2O and CO2
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What are the major locations of PS?
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Leaves
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What is chlorophyll?
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Green pigment within chloroplasts
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What is light E absorbed by and what does it drive?
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Absorbed by chlorophyll
- Drives the synthesis of organic molecules |
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What do stomates allow for?
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O2 and CO3 exchange
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Where are chloroplasts?
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In mesophyll cells
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How many chloroplast are there per cell?
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40-50
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Where is the chlorophyll?
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In the mbs of thylakoids
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What are thylakoids stacked into?
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Grana
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What is the thylakoid space?
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Area inside the thylakoid
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What is the stroma?
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Dense fluid outside of the thylakoid
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What is the equation for PS?
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6CO2 + 12H2O + Light E --> C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O
H2O is oxidized CO2 is reduced |
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What are the 2 stages of PS?
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Light rxns (the "photo" part) and calvin cycle (the "synthesis" part)
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What do the light rxns do and where do they take place?
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In the thylakoids
- Split H2O into 2H+ + 1/2O2 - Release O2 as a by product - Reduce NADP to NADPH (e- acceptor) - Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation |
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What does the calvin cycle do and where does it take place?
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In the stroma
- Forms sugar from CO2 and NADPH - Begins with C fixation - incorporate CO2 into organic molecules |
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What is light a form of?
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Electromagnetic E
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What is wavelength?
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- The distance b/w crests of waves
- Ranges from gamma rays to radio waves - Shorter the wavelength, the greater the E n each photon |
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What are pigments?
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Substances that absorb visible light
- Diff pigments absorb diff wavelengths |
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What happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed?
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They are reflected or transmitted
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Why are leaves green?
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B/c chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light
- Absorbs violet-blue and red wavelengths |
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What is the main PS'tic pigment?
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Chl a
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